Hma yog ib hom tsiaj uas feem ntau suav hais tias yog ib tus txheeb ze ntawm tus dev hauv tsev (Canis lupus familiaris), txawm tias nws qhov txawv ntawm qhov loj thiab tus cwj pwm.
Koj puas paub tias muaj ntau yam hom hma nrog lawv tus yam ntxwv? Cov tsiaj no tau muab faib rau ntau qhov chaw hauv ntiaj teb, feem ntau ntawm lawv nyob hauv qhov chaw siab tshaj plaws hauv cov khoom noj khoom haus. Yog tias koj xav paub txog qhov sib txawv hom hma uas muaj nyob, tsis txhob nco cov kab lus no ntawm peb lub xaib. Mus nyeem ntawv!
Hma yam ntxwv
Hma tau muaj nyob hauv ntiaj teb li ntawm 800,000 xyoo. Lub sijhawm ntawd, lawv tau muab faib rau ntau lub ntiaj teb, xws li Asmeskas, Asia thiab Europe; Niaj hnub no, txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tau hloov pauv. hma nyob qhov twg? Feem ntau hauv Tebchaws Meskas thiab ib feem ntawm Tebchaws Europe, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau thaj tsam uas yog Russia, thiab lawv ua li ntawd hauv pob.
Ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm hma, lawv qhov zoo sib xws rau cov dev hauv tsev sawv tawm. Ntxiv rau qhov ntawd, lawv ncav cuag qhov hnyav los ntawm lub puab tsaig muaj zog nrog cov hniav ntse.
Hma yug ncav cuag 10 txog 65 km/h, ntxiv rau ua leaps zoo, tsim nyog kom tsis txhob muaj roob roob thiab ntes lawv. tsiaj txhu. Qhov kev hnov tsw ntawm tsw yog tsim heev thiab lub qhov muag muaj peev xwm pom nyob rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj ua tsaug rau lub xub ntiag ntawm tapetum lucidum, ib daim nyias nyias muaj peev xwm lim me me ntawm lub teeb tam sim no nyob rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj nti.
NOJ NTXHAIS, THEM NTUJ NO ZEB Zom Dense, Tuab Thiab Hard. Ua li no, nws tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm cov xwm txheej tsis zoo thiab av, nrog rau ua kom sov thaum lub caij ntuj sov thiab ua haujlwm zoo li camouflage.
Ntawm no yog ib co yam ntxwv ntawm hma, hauv qab no peb yuav tham nyob rau hauv kom meej txog cov txawv breeds ntawm hma uas muaj.
Hmo muaj pes tsawg hom hma?
Muaj ntau hom thiab subspecies ntawm hma uas muab faib rau ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, tab sis muaj pes tsawg hom hma? Tom ntej no peb qhia rau koj.
Nyob hauv genus Canis, 16 ntau hom raug kaw, suav nrog Canis lupus. Cov tsiaj no, nyob rau hauv lem, sau npe 37 ntau hom subspecies, suav nrog tus ntoo khaub lig ntawm tus dev hauv tsev thiab hma grey. Kuj tseem muaj Canis mesomelas elongae, ib hom kab mob ntawm Canis mesomelas hom, uas tsis yog hma, tab sis jackals, ib yam li Canis simensis, uas kuj yog ib tug coyote.
Tam sim no, vim tsis yog txhua hom sau tseg hauv genus Canis yog hma, muaj pes tsawg hom hma? Raws li cov koom haum nom tswv, ntau yam kev tshawb fawb tau ua tiav [1][2] thiab raws li qhia los ntawm kev sib piv toxicogenomics database (CTD), cov hauv qab no yog cov tsuas yog hma hma uas muaj nyob, nyob rau hauv uas muaj ntau subspecies:
- Canis anthus
- Canis indica
- Canis lycaon
- Canis himalayensis
- Canis lupus
- Canis rufus
Nyob hauv ntu nram no peb yuav tham txog cov kab thiab cov subspecies.
Gray Hma (Canis lupus)
Canis lupus los yog grey hma is a carnivorous canine species from which many subspecies descended that constitute the different types of hma. Niaj hnub no, cov tsiaj no feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv , qhov twg nws yog ib qho ntawm cov tsiaj loj tshaj plaws.
Nws yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm nws lub neej nyob rau hauv herds tswj los ntawm ib tug social hierarchy. Ua tsaug rau lub koom haum no, lawv yos hav zoov thiab noj ua ke. Txawm li cas los xij, tus cwj pwm no tau txo lawv txoj hauv kev mus nyob hauv lwm qhov chaw, vim tias lawv sawv cev rau kev txaus ntshai rau cov liaj teb thiab tsiaj txhu.
Tseem muaj ntau tshaj 20 subspecies ntawm grey hma, qee qhov peb yuav tham hauv qab no.
Iberian Hma (Canis lupus signatus)
Iberian hma (Canis lupus signatus) yog ib tug subspecies ntawm Canis lupus endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. Nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm ncav cuag 50 kilos thiab nthuav tawm lub tsho sib txawv: xim av lossis beige ntawm lub plab, dub rau sab nraub qaum nrog lub teeb me me ntawm nruab nrab ntawm tus Tsov tus tw.
Iberian yog ib qho ntawm hom hma tshaj plaws hauv Spain. Lawv cov khoom noj uas muaj carnivorous muaj xws li yos hav zoov yaj, luav, qus npua teb, cov tsiaj reptiles thiab ib co noog, nrog rau ib feem me me (5%) ntawm cov zaub mov ntawm cov nroj tsuag keeb kwm.
Arctic hma (Canus lupus arctos)
Canus lupus arctos, los yog arctic hma, yog ib qho piv txwv uas inhabits Canada thiab Greenland Nws qhov loj me dua li lwm tus hma thiab hnyav li 45 kilos feem ntau. Raws li ib daim ntawv ntawm kev hloov mus rau qhov chaw txias qhov twg nws txhim kho nws lub neej, nws muaj cov plaub dawb lossis lub teeb daj uas tso cai rau nws yooj yim camouflage nws tus kheej. Nov kuj yog subspecies of Canis lupus.
Cov tsiaj no feem ntau nyob hauv cov qhov tsua pob zeb thiab pub rau lwm cov tsiaj nyeg nyob hauv thaj chaw arctic, xws li moose, oxen thiab caribou, nrog rau kev yos hav zoov cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj thiab partridges.
Arabian Hma (Canis lupus arabs)
Lwm hom hma yog Arabian (Canis lupus arabs), kuj yog ib hom ntawm cov hma grey uas yog distributed nyob rau hauv Sinai Peninsula thiab ntau lub tebchaws hauv Middle EastNws yog ib tug hma me me, hnyav tsuas yog 20 kilos thiab pub rau carrion thiab tsiaj me, xws li hares.
Tsis zoo li lwm hom hma, cov Arabian tsis quaj los nyob hauv ib pob. Lub tsho tiv no yog sepia rau cov txiv ntseej, ob qho tib si daj ntseg kom tso cai kom pom kev zoo dua hauv cov xuab zeb thiab pob zeb.
Black Hma
Hma dub tsuas yog fv variation of grey hma (Canis lupus), i.e. nws tsis yog subspecies ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm hma. Zoo li hma grey, hma dub muaj nyob rau hauv North America, Asia, thiab Europe.
Cov tsho tiv no variation yog vim ib tug genetic mutation uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib tug ntoo khaub lig ntawm domestic dev thiab hma qus. Yav dhau los, txawm li cas los xij, muaj Florida dub hma (Canis lupus floridanus), tshaj tawm tias tuag xyoo 1908.
European hma (Canis lupus lupus)
Canis lupus lupus yog cov subspecies ntau tshaj plaws ntawm grey hma nyob rau hauv lub neej. Hom hma no inhabits a large part of Europe, but also wide Asian territory, such as China. Ntawm cov European hom, nws yog ib qho loj tshaj, hnyav ntawm 40 thiab 70 kilos. Nws lub tsho tiv no yog lub tsho grey uas paub zoo nrog lub plab mog.
Raws li zaub mov, European hma yog ib tug predator ntawm hares, mos lwj, elk, mos lwj, tshis thiab qus boar.
Siberian Hma (Canis lupus albus)
Ntawm cov hom hma uas nyob hauv qhov chaw txias yog Canis lupus lupus lossis Siberian hma. Nws tau muab faib rau hauv Russia tundra thiab thaj av Siberian mus txog rau Scandinavia. Nws hnyav li ntawm 40 mus rau 50 kilos thiab ntev, fluffy pluab uas tso cai rau nws kom muaj sia nyob hauv huab cua khov.
Siberian pub rau reindeer, hares thiab arctic hma liab. Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, lawv yog ib hom neeg nomadic uas taug kev raws li kev txav ntawm cov tsiaj uas txhawb nqa lawv cov zaub mov.
Mexican Grey Hma (Canis lupus baileyi)
Lwm hom hma yog Canis lupus baileyi, ib hom subspecies uas nyob North America, qhov twg nws nyiam nyob rau hauv cov suab puam thiab temperate. thaj chaw hav zoov. Nws hnyav txog li 45 kilos thiab muaj lub tsho tiv no ntawm ntau yam xim, cov cream, daj thiab dub sawv tawm.
Cov tsiaj pub rau nyuj, hares, yaj thiab nas. Vim nws tawm tsam nyuj, nws tau raug tsim txom thiab niaj hnub no suav hais tias , txawm hais tias muaj ntau cov kev pab cuam rau nws cov kev yug me nyuam nyob rau hauv captivity.
Baffin's Hma (Canis lupus manningi)
Baffin hma (Canis lupus manningi) yog ib hom tsis tshua muaj neeg nyob tsuas yog Baffin Island, Canada. Nws cov plaub thiab qhov loj me zoo ib yam li cov hma arctic. Me ntsis paub txog hom no, tab sis nws pub rau hma thiab hares.
Yukon Hma (Canis lupus pambasileus)
Lwm hom hma yog Canis lupus pambasileus, kuj hu ua Yukon hma los yog Alaskan dub hma Nws nyob hauv Yukon, Alaskan xeev los ntawm uas nws yuav siv nws lub npe. Nws yog ib ntawm hma loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, as hnyav txog li 70 kilos
Nws yog lub tsho tiv no uas sib xyaw ua ke sib txawv, suav nrog dawb, grey, beige thiab dub, cov xim uas muab faib rau hauv kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm lub cev.
Dingo (Canis lupus dingo)
The dingo (Canis lupus dingo) yog ntau yam muaj nyob hauv Australia thiab thaj chaw Asia. Nws yog ib tug hma me me, vim nws hnyav 32 kilos, yog li nws feem ntau suav hais tias yog dev thiab txawm tau txais los ua tus tsiaj.
dingo lub tsho tiv no muaj cov xim sib txawv ntawm cov xim liab thiab daj; Ib yam li ntawd, cov tib neeg uas muaj albinism kuj tuaj yeem pom.
Vancouver Hma (Canis lupus crassodon)
Canis lupus crassodon yog kab mob mus rau Vancouver Island, Canada Zoo li arctic hma, nws muaj plaub plaub dawb uas tso cai rau camouflage nrog tus hma. ib puag ncig. Txawm hais tias cov ntaub ntawv me me tau paub txog hom hma no, nws paub tias nws nyob hauv pob txog li 35 tus neeg thiab nws tsis tshua mus txog thaj chaw uas tib neeg muaj.
Mackenzie Hma (Canis lupus occidentalis)
The Mackenzie hma (Canis lupus occidentalis) inhabits the coasts of the Arctic Ocean up to the United States. Nws yog ib tug hma loj tshaj plaws, ncav cuag 85 centimeters nyob rau hauv ntev, txawm hais tias nws tsuas hnyav li ntawm 45 mus rau 50 kilos.
Raws li nws lub tsho, nws tuaj yeem yog xim dub, grey lossis xim av nrog dawb. Nws cov khoom noj muaj ntau yam, raws li nws pub rau oxen, hares, ntses, tsiaj reptiles, mos lwj thiab elk.
Red Hma (Canis rufus)
Tawm ntawm cov hma grey subspecies, nyob rau hauv hom hma kuj tseem muaj Canis rufus lossis hma liab. Nws nyob hauv qee thaj chaw ntawm Mexico, Tebchaws Meskas thiab Canada, vim nws yog vim yog kev yos hav zoov ntawm cov tsiaj uas nws siv los ua zaub mov, kev nthuav qhia cov qauv mus rau hauv nws qhov chaw nyob thiab cuam tshuam ntawm kev tsim kho txoj kev tsheb thauj mus los.
Tus hma liab yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm 35 kilos thiab pom cov plaub, qhov chaw liab, grey thiab daj pom. Lawv noj mos lwj, raccoons, thiab nas.
Ethiopian Hma (Canis simensis)
Kuj hu ua Abyssinian, Canis simensis los yog Ethiopian hma tiag tiag yog jackal lossis coyote, yog li nws tsis yog hom hma. Nws tsuas yog nyob ntawm 3000 meters ntawm qhov siab hauv toj siab ntawm Ethiopia. Nws muaj qhov me me zoo ib yam li tus dev, vim nws tsuas hnyav li ntawm 10 txog 20 kilos. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws cov plaub yog xim liab nrog cov pob dawb hauv qab caj dab thiab tus Tsov tus tw dub.
Nyob hauv cov pab pawg hierarchically. Tam sim no, yog muaj kev phom sij txog kev ploj tuag vim kev puas tsuaj ntawm nws qhov chaw nyob thiab kev tawm tsam nws tau txais los ntawm tib neeg kom nws nyob deb ntawm cov tsiaj nyeg.
African Golden Hma (Canis anthus)
Tus hma African golden hma (Canis anthus) yog hom hma pom nyob rau sab av loj African. Hma no yoog raws li huab cua ib nrab suab puam, tab sis nyiam nyob hauv thaj chaw uas muaj dej nyob ze.
Hais txog nws lub cev ntaj ntsug, nws qhov loj me me dua li ntawm lwm tus hma. Nws hnyav ib ncig 15 kilos thiab muaj cov plaub dub ntawm nws nraub qaum thiab tus Tsov tus tw thiab cov xim xuab zeb xim ntawm nws ob txhais ceg thiab plab.
Indian Hma (Canis indica)
Hma Indian (Canis indica) yog ib txwm nyob rau Israel, Saudi Arabia, India thiab Pakistan, qhov twg nws nyiam nyob hauv ib nrab. - thaj chaw suab puam. Nws yog tus hma zoo nkauj zoo nkauj, hnyav tsuas yog 30 kg, nrog cov xim liab lossis daj daj uas tso cai rau nws los camouflage nws tus kheej hauv cov xuab zeb thiab pob zeb.
Hmoob no tsuas pub rau cov tsiaj nyeg xwb, yog vim li cas nws thiaj raug tsim txom nyob rau teb chaws India ntau centuries.
Eastern Hma lossis Canadian Liab Hma (Canis lycaon)
Lwm hom hma yog Eastern hma (Canis lycaon), uas inhabits southeastern Canada. Nws muaj lub tsho tawv thiab ntev ntev hauv cov xim dub thiab lub teeb ci uas tau muab faib ua qhov tsis sib xws ntawm lub cev.
Hom hma no nyob hauv thaj chaw hav zoov ntawm Canada, qhov chaw uas lawv noj cov vertebrates me thiab nyob hauv pob. Nws tseem yog NOJ NIAM LOS NTAWM QHOV NO TAU LOS NTAWM COV HIRDs.
Himalayan Hma (Canis himalayensis)
Himalayan hma (Canis himalayensis) is ib txwm nyob rau Nepal thiab sab qaum teb Is Nrias teb. Lawv nyob hauv cov zej zog me thiab tam sim no muaj cov neeg laus tsawg tsawg.
Raws li nws lub ntsej muag, nws yog hma me thiab tawv nqaij. Nws lub tsho tiv no yog tawv thiab tuaj nyob rau hauv lub teeb ntxoov xim av, grey thiab cream.
Domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris)
Tus dev hauv tsev (Canis lupus familiaris) yog ib qho ntawm cov tsiaj uas muaj thoob plaws ntiaj teb thiab yog cov tsiaj nyiam. Lawv cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv pom tau tias muaj, uas nthuav dav qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov loj, xim thiab hom plaub, tus cwj pwm thiab lub neej expectancy, thiab lwm yam.
Hmoob aub is a different subspecies Originally, the newest theories has that the dog as know today is the result of crosses ntawm dingo hma, basenji hma thiab jackals. Txawm li cas los xij, 14,900 xyoo dhau los cov caj ces ntawm cov dev thiab hma tau sib cais, txawm hais tias lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv tau lees paub tias muaj ntau. Los ntawm qhov kev sib cais no, txhua hom tsim txawv thiab tus dev tswj tau los ua tsev. Koj yuav pom tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv hauv kab lus no. "Puas yog tus dev nqis los ntawm hma?".
