Noog yog cov vertebrates ntshav sov thiab nyob rau pawg tetrapod. Lawv tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv txhua hom chaw nyob thiab nyob rau txhua lub teb chaws, txawm nyob hauv ib puag ncig txias li Antarctica. Nws cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb yog lub xub ntiag ntawm cov plaub thiab muaj peev xwm ya, txawm tias tsis yog txhua tus tuaj yeem ua tau, vim muaj qee hom uas tau poob lub peev xwm no. Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ntawm cov noog, muaj ntau yam nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm morphology (lub cev zoo), xim thiab loj ntawm feathers, duab ntawm beaks thiab txoj kev pub mis.
Koj puas paub qhov txawv hom noog uas muaj nyob thiab lawv cov yam ntxwv? Yog tias koj xav paub ntau ntxiv txog pawg tsiaj zoo no, txuas ntxiv nyeem tsab xov xwm no ntawm peb lub vev xaib uas peb yuav qhia koj txog hom noog uas muaj nyob hauv txhua lub ntiaj teb thiab lawv cov ntsiab lus xav paub tshaj plaws.
Kab noog
Noog yog cov xeeb ntxwv ze tshaj plaws ntawm cov dinosaurs, uas nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb li 200 lab xyoo dhau los, hauv Jurassic. Raws li peb tau hais, lawv yog endothermic (cov ntshav sov) cov tsiaj uas muaj plaub uas npog lawv lub cev tag nrho, ib tug horny beak (nrog keratin hlwb) thiab tsis muaj hniav. Lawv lub forelimbs yog yoog rau kev ya davhlau thiab, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm flyless noog hom xws li ostriches, kiwis los yog penguins, lawv cov ceg tawv yog yoog rau kev khiav, taug kev lossis ua luam dej. Lawv lub cev tshwj xeeb muaj ntau yam kev hloov pauv, feem ntau ntawm lawv muaj feem xyuam nrog kev ya thiab lawv txoj kev ua neej. Lawv muaj cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no:
- Light Skeleton: skeleton with light and hollow pob txha uas ua rau lawv light thaum ya davhlau.
- Tsim vision: lawv kuj muaj cov orbitals loj heev (kab noj hniav nyob qhov twg lub qhov muag nyob), ces lawv lub zeem muag yog heev tsim.
- Horny beak: Noog muaj lub beak horny nrog ntau variations nyob ntawm hom thiab txoj kev uas lawv pub.
- Syrinx: Lawv kuj muaj syrinx, uas yog ib feem ntawm lawv lub qhov ncauj apparatus thiab los ntawm uas lawv muaj peev xwm ua suab thiab hu nkauj.
- Craw and gizzard: lawv muaj cov qoob loo (dilation of the esophagus) uas ua hauj lwm rau khaws zaub mov ua ntej digestion, thiab yog li ntawd nyob rau lwm yam. tes, ib tug gizzard, uas yog ib feem ntawm lub plab thiab yog lub luag hauj lwm rau kev sib tsoo cov zaub mov, feem ntau nrog kev pab los ntawm cov pob zeb me me uas tus noog nqos rau lub hom phiaj ntawd.
- Lawv tsis tso zis: lawv tsis muaj zais zis, yog li ntawd uric acid (khoom noj ntawm lub raum ntawm cov noog) tawm nrog nrog rau qhov seem ntawm cov pov tseg nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm semisolid feces.
- Fused Bones: fusion of vertebrae, fusion of hip pob txha, and variations on the sternum and ribs to accommodate the muscle of the flight.
- 4 ntiv tes: ob txhais ceg muaj 4 ntiv tes nyob rau hauv feem ntau hom, uas muaj kev sib txawv nyob ntawm seb lub neej lawv nyob..
- Piglets los yog pellets: Ntau hom tsim pellets, me me ntuav concretions ua los ntawm undigested tsiaj.
- Lawv nteg qe: Raws li peb tau hais ua ntej lawm, lawv daim ntawv yug me nyuam yog los ntawm fertilization sab hauv thiab lawv nteg qhuav calcareous qe uas incubate nyob rau hauv lub zes., thiab ntau hom poob lawv lub mis feathers thaum lub caij incubation thiaj li yuav muab cua sov ntau rau lub qe.
- Lawv tuaj yeem yug los muaj lossis tsis muaj plaub: cov hatchlings tshiab tshiab (thaum lawv hatch) tuaj yeem yog Vedicial, uas yog, lawv tseem yog lawv. tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv thiab yuav tsum nyob twj ywm ntev dua hauv lub zes ntawm kev saib xyuas ntawm lawv niam lawv txiv. Ntawm qhov tod tes, lawv tuaj yeem ua rau precocious, thaum lawv yug los nrog nqes uas tiv thaiv lawv lub cev, yog li ntawd, lawv siv sijhawm tsawg dua hauv zes.
- Accelerated digestion and metabolism: muaj cov metabolism hauv siab thiab ceev ceev thiab kev zom zaub mov kuj yog kev hloov pauv ntawm kev ya mus.
- Tshwj xeeb ua pa: ua pa tshwj xeeb, vim lawv muaj lub ntsws nrog cov hnab cua uas tso cai rau huab cua tsis tu ncua.
- : Lawv muaj lub paj hlwb uas tsim tau zoo heev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lub hlwb, uas muaj feem xyuam rau kev khiav haujlwm.
- Variety diet: Muaj feem xyuam rau lawv cov zaub mov, muaj ntau yam txawv nyob ntawm hom, muaj peev xwm noj cov noob, txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab paj, nplooj, kab, carrion (tsiaj seem) thiab nectar, uas yuav ncaj qha ntsig txog lawv txoj kev ua neej.
- Long migrations: Ntau hom marine, xws li Sooty Shearwater (Ardenna grisea) muaj peev xwm ua migrations ntev npaum li lawv nyob. spectacular, txij li thaum nws mus txog ntau tshaj 900 km ib hnub twg. Saib ntawm no seb cov noog tsiv teb tsaws chaw yog dab tsi.
Nkauj noog
Ib puag ncig ntiaj teb muaj ntau tshaj 10,000 hom, thiab feem ntau ntawm lawv muaj ntau haiv neeg thaum lub sij hawm Cretaceous, txog 145 lab xyoo dhau los. Tam sim no lawv tau muab faib ua ob pawg loj:
- Palaeognathae: nrog rau kwv yees li 50 hom kev faib feem ntau nyob rau sab qab teb hemisphere,
- Neognathae: ua los ntawm cov tsiaj txhu uas muaj nyob rau txhua lub teb chaws.
Tom ntej no, peb suav nrog daim duab qhia kom meej dua cov noog uas muaj nyob.
Palaeognathae noog
Nrog cov noog Palaeognathae, muaj:
- Tus noog(Struthio camelus): nws yog tus noog loj tshaj plaws uas peb tuaj yeem nrhiav tau hnub no thiab khiav ceev tshaj plaws. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv sub-Saharan Africa.
- The rheas: zoo li Rhea americana, zoo ib yam li ostriches, txawm tias me dua. Lawv tau poob peev xwm ya thiab kuj yog cov neeg khiav dej num zoo heev thiab muaj nyob hauv South America.
- The tinamids: zoo li Tinamus loj kuj muaj nyob rau hauv Central thiab South America. Lawv taug kev noog thiab ya luv luv thaum lawv xav tias raug hem.
- Cassowaries: xws li Casuarius casuarius pom nyob rau hauv Australia thiab New Guinea, thiab lub emu Dromaius novaehollandiae, pom nyob rau hauv Oceania. Ob leeg kuj tau poob peev xwm ya thiab taug kev los yog khiav.
- Kiwifruit: Endemic (tsuas yog tshwm sim ntawm ib qhov chaw) mus rau New Zealand, xws li Apteryx owenii. Lawv yog cov noog me me uas muaj lub ntiaj teb zoo thiab cov cwj pwm hauv av.
Piv txwv ntawm Neognathae noog
The Neognathae suav nrog ntau haiv neeg thiab ntau pawg ntawm cov noog tam sim no, yog li peb yuav muab lawv cov npe zoo tshaj plaws lossis cov neeg sawv cev zoo tshaj plaws. Ntawm no peb tuaj yeem pom:
- Hens: zoo li Gallus gallus, nthuav tawm thoob plaws ntiaj teb.
- Ducks: xws li Anas sivilatrix, tam sim no nyob rau South America.
- Doves: zoo li Columba livia, kuj tau nthuav dav, raws li nws muaj nyob hauv ntau lub ntiaj teb.
- Cucos: zoo li cov cuckoo Cuculus canorus, yog li xav xyaum yug me nyuam kab mob, qhov twg cov poj niam nteg qe nyob rau hauv lub zes ntawm lwm yam noog hom. Lub roadrunner Geococcyx californianus kuj pom nyob ntawm no, xav paub txog nws txoj kev noj zaub mov hauv av.
- Cranes: nrog rau cov piv txwv xws li Grus grus nrog nws qhov loj me thiab muaj peev xwm tsiv mus nyob deb heev.
- Gaviotas: piv txwv li Larus occidentalis, nruab nrab-siav seabirds nrog ib tug loj tshaj plaws wingspans (nyob deb ntawm lub ntsis mus rau lub ntsis tis).
- Birds of prey: xws li golden eagle, Aquila chrysaetos, a large species that is a excellent flier, and barn owls, such as Piv txwv li cov snowy owl Aquila chrysaetos, yam ntxwv rau nws cov plumage dawb.
- Penguins: nrog cov neeg sawv cev uas tuaj yeem ncav cuag 1.20 m siab, xws li huab tais penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri).
- Herons: zoo li Ardea alba, dav faib nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no thiab ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj ntawm nws pab pawg neeg.
- Hummingbirds: nrog cov neeg sawv cev me me xws li Mellisuga helenae, suav tias yog cov noog me tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb.
- Kingfisher: zoo li Alcedo atthis, thiaj li pom zoo rau nws cov xim ci thiab muaj peev xwm nuv ntses zoo heev.
