Chondrichthyans, tseem hu ua ntses cartilaginous, yog ib pawg ntawm Muaj ntau hom ntses ntses, lawv cov morphological adaptation, lawv cov leeg ua luam dej, lub cev nqaij daim tawv, lub puab tsaig muaj zog, thiab lawv cov cwj pwm predatory tau muab lawv txoj hauv kev zoo hauv thaj chaw uas lawv nyob.
Tshaj qhov tseeb tias lawv tau txais los ntawm cov poj koob yawm txwv nrog cov pob txha pob txha, chondrichthyans tsis muaj ossification hauv lawv cov pob txha, yog li lawv muaj pob txha pob txha , thiab qhov no yog nws lub ntsiab txawv feature. Yog koj xav paub txog lwm yam yam ntxwv ntawm ntses cartilaginous, lawv cov npe thiab cov piv txwv, txuas ntxiv nyeem tsab xov xwm no ntawm peb lub xaib thiab peb yuav qhia rau koj paub txhua yam.
Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntses cartilaginous
Muaj ob hom ntses cartilaginous. Tom ntej no, peb yuav piav txog nws cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb:
Elasmobranchs (sharks and rays)
pab pawg no suav nrog sharks thiab rays. Qee tus ntawm lawv yog cov tsiaj txhu uas nrhiav lawv cov tsiaj txhu los ntawm cov kab mob olfactory, txij li lawv muaj qhov muag pom tsis zoo Tam sim no, muaj 8 qhov kev txiav txim ntawm sharks nrog ntau tshaj 400 hom thiab 4. kev txiav txim ntawm rays nrog yuav luag 500 hom. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm sharks, feem ntau muaj cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no:
- Lub cev: lub cev fusiform, nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ib tug ntse rostrum nrog lub qhov ncauj ventral. Thaum kawg ntawm lub cev muaj tus Tsov tus tw heterocercal, uas yog hais tias nws muaj ob lub lobes ntawm cov duab sib txawv thiab cov qauv, ib qho ntawm lawv muaj qhov kawg ntawm kab vertebral, thiab nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej muaj ib khub ntawm pectoral fins, a ob lub pelvic fins thiab ob qho tib si dorsal fins. Hauv cov txiv neej, cov pelvic fins tau hloov kho anteriorly raws li ib tug kev sib deev organ rau copulation thiab hu ua myxopterygians, pterygopodia, los yog claspers.
- Lub zeem muag, daim tawv nqaij thiab lub cev receptors: lawv tau ua khub ntawm qhov ntswg, qhov ntswg thiab sab hauv lub qhov ncauj. Lub qhov muag tsis muaj daim tawv muag, txawm hais tias qee hom muaj cov nictitating daim nyias nyias, thiab muaj ib qho spiracle qab txhua tus. Cov tawv nqaij tawv thiab zoo ib yam li cov ntawv xuab zeb hauv qee hom, nws muaj cov nplais placoid, tseem hu ua dermal scales, uas tau teem rau hauv ib txoj kev uas txo cov turbulence, tig rov qab. Nyob rau hauv lub cev thiab lub taub hau lawv muaj neuromasts, receptors uas yog heev rhiab heev rau vibrations thiab dej tam sim no. Lawv kuj muaj cov receptors tshwj xeeb uas tso cai rau lawv txheeb xyuas lawv cov tsiaj txhu los ntawm cov hluav taws xob uas lawv tawm, thiab lawv yog cov ampullae ntawm Lorenzini uas nyob ntawm lub taub hau.
- Dientes: cov hniav tsis fused rau lub puab tsaig thiab muaj ob kab, lub nraub qaum ib tug hloov cov hniav uas ploj ntawm kab. nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej, thiab nyob rau hauv no txoj kev lawv ib txwm muaj cov hniav tshiab. Cov no, nyob ntawm cov hom, tuaj yeem muaj cov duab serrated, txiav lawv cov zaub mov, ntse nrog kev ua haujlwm thiab cov kab hluav taws xob, muaj cov hniav tiaj tus uas tso cai rau lawv txhuam rau ntawm qhov chaw..
- Skeleton and swim: lawv muaj cov pob txha pob txha pob txha pob txha, thiab tsis cev nqaij daim tawv li lwm cov ntses. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv tsis muaj lub zais zis ua luam dej, thiab qhov no txhais tau hais tias lawv tau ua luam dej tas li lossis nyob twj ywm hauv qab, vim tsis yog lawv yuav tog. Ntawm qhov tod tes, lawv muaj lub siab voluminous uas muaj lipids (squalene) uas kuj tiv thaiv kev poob dej.
Holocephali (chimeras)
pawg me no yog tsim los ntawm kwv yees li 47 hom hnub no. Anatomically nws muaj ib tug sib tov ntawm elasmobranch thiab bony ntses cim:
- Lub cev: lawv muaj lub cev xav paub heev, lawv lub cev yog elongated thiab lub taub hau yog protruding thiab lawv muaj ib tug zoo li clasper qauv, uas tso cai rau lawv tuav tus poj niam thaum lub sij hawm copulation. Nws snout zoo li tus luav thiab nws tus Tsov tus tw yog nplawm-puab.
- Jaw and teeth: lawv tsis muaj hniav, tab sis dav thiab tiaj daim hlau. Lub puab tsaig sab sauv yog tag nrho rau lub pob txha taub hau, tsis zoo li lwm tus, thiab qhov ntawd yog qhov nws lub npe los ntawm (holo=tag nrho, tag nrho thiab cephalo=taub hau).
- Size: lawv tuaj yeem ncav cuag 2 meters ntev.
- Defense: Its dorsal fin has a poisonous spine.
- Food: Lawv cov zaub mov yog raws li cov crustaceans, molluscs, echinoderms, me ntses thiab algae, sib tov ntawm cov khoom noj uas lawv zom noj.
Lwm yam ntawm cov yam ntxwv hais txog lawv kev yug me nyuam thiab trophic ecology zoo ib yam li tus so ntawm chondrichthyans.
ntses cartilaginous ua luam dej li cas?
Raws li twb tau hais lawm, elasmobranchs muaj dermal scales uas tso cai rau lawv kom txo tau turbulence thaum ua luam dej. On the other hand, along with their lipid-laden livers, air-swallowing ability, and fins, they become excellent swimmers and these adaptations allow them to stay on the dej kem. Cov fins khib cia nws yob thiab txawm tias fins tswj nws. Ntawm qhov tod tes, lub caudal fin, ua heterocercal, tso cai rau nws tswj thrust thiab tsim ncua kev quab yuam.
In the case of rays, they are all adapted for life in the bottom of the water, and their bodies have a flattened shape thiab nrog cov khub fins loj thiab fused rau lub taub hau, uas ua haujlwm zoo li tis thaum ua luam dej. Lawv cov hniav yog flattened thiab muaj peev xwm scraping nto thiab sib tsoo lawv cov zaub mov, uas feem ntau yog crustaceans, molluscs thiab feem ntau me ntses.
Lawv nplawm zoo li cov tails xaus rau hauv ib lossis ntau tus txha nraub qaum uas txuas nrog venom caj pas hauv qee hom. Lawv kuj muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntawm txhua sab ntawm lawv lub taub hau uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov tsiaj txhu lossis cov tsiaj nyeg.
Ntxiv kom paub lawv ua luam dej, peb caw koj kom paub tias sharks tsaug zog li cas?
Reproduction of cartilaginous fish
Cartilaginous ntses muaj fertilization sab hauv thiab sib txawv kev ua me nyuam uas peb yuav pom hauv qab no:
- Oviparous: lawv nteg qe loaded nrog yolk tam sim ntawd tom qab fertilization. Ntau tus sharks thiab rays nteg lawv cov qe nyob rau hauv lub horny capsule uas nws xaus rau tendril-zoo li filaments uas pab lawv ua raws li thawj cov khoom uas lawv kov, thiab lub embryo tuaj yeem nyob rau hauv txhua qhov chaw ntawm 6 lub hlis mus rau 2 xyoos. Feem ntau, qhov kev hloov pauv no tshwm sim hauv cov tsiaj me thiab hauv nruab nrab, thiab lawv tuaj yeem tso tau txog 100 qe.
- Viviparous: lawv tsim cov placenta tiag tiag uas lub embryo tau noj. Hom kev yug me nyuam no tau pab txhawb pab pawg no txoj kev vam meej evolutionary. Nws tshwm sim hauv yuav luag 60% ntawm chondrichthyans thiab hauv hom loj thiab nquag.
- Ovoviviparous: tuav lub embryo nyob rau hauv lub oviduct thaum nws loj hlob thiab pub rau nws cov yolk sac txog thaum nws yug los. Nyob rau hauv lem, nws nthuav ntau hom pub rau lub embryo, xws li lecithotrophy, qhov twg lub embryo yog nourished los ntawm lub qe; histotrophy, qhov twg lub embryo los yog embryos yog nourished los ntawm ib tug kua (histotroph) ua los ntawm villi nyob rau hauv lub puab nto ntawm lub tsev menyuam. Ntawm qhov tod tes, muaj oophagy, qhov twg lub embryo pub rau fertilized qe thaum lawv nyob rau hauv lub tsev menyuam; thiab, thaum kawg, muaj adelphophagy lossis intrauterine cannibalism, qhov twg lub embryo muaj zog tshaj plaws uas hatches thawj zaug noj nws cov kwv tij los yog hatched.
Lawv tsis muaj niam txiv saib xyuas, yog li thaum embryos hnia, lawv tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej.
Npe thiab piv txwv ntawm cov ntses cartilaginous
Cov chondrichthyans (khondro=pob txha mos thiab ikhthys=ntses) yog ib chav kawm ntawm vertebrates uas suav nrog cov subclasses Elasmobranchs (sharks, rays) thiab Holocephalians (chimeras), thiab ntawm ob pawg nws kwv yees tias muaj. ntau tshaj 900 hom, feem ntau ntawm lawv cov marine thiab qee cov dej tshiab los yog euryhaline, uas yog, cov dej uas muaj cov ntsev sib txawv.
Piv txwv ntawm sharks
Sharks tau muab faib ua ntau hom, ntawm no peb yuav sau npe rau lawv 8 qhov kev txiav txim tam sim no thiab piv txwv ntawm txhua tus:
- Heterodontiformes – Horned sharks, xws li Heterodontus francisci, muaj nyob ntawm no. Lawv yog cov me me thiab nyob hauv cov dej sov thiab kub ntawm Dej Hiav Txwv Indian thiab sab hnub poob Pacific, lawv tsis nyob hauv Atlantic.
- Sualiformes: Cov hom uas tsim los ntawm pawg no tsis muaj cov nictitating membrane thiab qhov quav fin. Lawv nyob hauv dej tob ntawm Dej Hiav Txwv Atlantic. Lawv yog cov nruab nrab thiab qee hom muaj cov kab mob lom ntawm lawv cov dorsal fins, xws li Squalus acanthias.
- Pristioforiformes: pawg no suav nrog cov hu ua sawsharks. Lawv muaj lub ntsej muag elongated thiab serrated nyob rau hauv cov duab ntawm ib tug pom uas ua hauj lwm rau do hauv av nkos thiab nrhiav lawv cov zaub mov, uas yog raws li squid, cws thiab me ntses. Ib qho piv txwv yog Pristiophorus japonicus, ib txwm ntawm Nyiv.
- Squatiniformes: muaj xws li cov tubtxib saum ntuj sharks, lawv muaj ib tug flattened puab thiab dav pectoral fins, reminiscent ntawm rays, xws li Squatina squatina, kuj hu ua angelfish. Lawv muaj kev faib dav dav, txij li lawv pom nyob rau hauv Dej Hiav Txwv Atlantic, Hiav Txwv Mediterranean, Hiav Txwv Tuag thiab Hiav Txwv North. Qee hom tuaj yeem ua kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw.
- Hexanchiformes-Qhov no suav nrog cov sharks qub tshaj plaws nyob rau niaj hnub no. Ib qho piv txwv yog Hexanchus nakamurai, lub qhov muag nyuj loj, uas muaj nyob hauv Atlantic thiab Indian Oceans. Txawm hais tias nws zoo li txaus ntshai, nws pub rau cov neeg tsis muaj zog thiab tsis muaj mob rau tib neeg.
- Orectolobiformes: Cov no yog cov dej sov so nrog cov snouts luv thiab lub qhov ncauj me me. Lawv nyob hauv hiav txwv thiab dej hiav txwv thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Qhov no suav nrog cov shark loj tshaj plaws hauv lub neej, whale shark Rhincodon typus. Nws nyob hauv cov dej sov thiab cov dej kub kub, nws pub los ntawm kev pom, uas ntxiv rau nws cov tsos, ua rau nws zoo ib yam li whales.
- Carcharhiniformes: Qhov kev txiav txim no yog ntau haiv neeg, pom muaj nyob rau hauv dej sov, kub, thiab dej tob thoob ntiaj teb. Nws muaj elongated snout thiab lub qhov ncauj loj, nws muaj nictitating membrane uas tiv thaiv lub qhov muag. Qhov no suav nrog ib tus neeg paub zoo tshaj plaws, xws li Galeocerdo cuvier tsov shark, uas dais nws lub npe vim muaj kab txaij ntawm nws sab thiab nraub qaum.
. Nws nyob hauv dej sov thiab kub ntawm yuav luag txhua lub hiav txwv.
Piv txwv dashes
Cov kab txaij tau faib ua 4 yam:
- Rajiformes: Cov no yog cov rays tiag tiag. Cov tsiaj tuaj yeem pom hauv txhua lub hiav txwv, los ntawm Arctic mus rau Antarctic. Ntawm no, piv txwv li, yog cov dej qab zib stingrays Potamotrygon motoro, cov neeg nyob hauv dej kub hauv South America. Ntshai tsam lawv muaj qhov kawg ntawm lawv tus Tsov tus tw, txij li thaum muaj kev tawm tsam rau tib neeg tau sau tseg.
- Pristiformes: lawv hu ua sawfish, vim lawv muaj snout ntev puv ntawm cov hniav, zoo li Pristis pectinata, uas kuj muaj lub cev flattened. thiab tis pectoral fins. Lawv nyob hauv cov dej kub thiab kub kub nyob ib puag ncig Africa, Australia, thiab Caribbean thiab yos hav zoov hmo ntuj. Lawv yuav tsum tsis txhob totaub nrog shark rays, vim lawv koom nrog lwm pab pawg.
- Torpediniformes: Cov no feem ntau hu ua Torpedo Rays lossis Electric Rays, vim tias lawv tuaj yeem tsim hluav taws xob los ua rau lawv cov tsiaj txhu los yog tsiaj txhu los ntawm hluav taws xob. kab mob nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm pectoral fins. Lawv yog cov neeg nyob hauv txhua qhov chaw sov thiab dej hiav txwv hauv ntiaj teb, xws li Torpedo torpedo uas nyob hauv dej hiav txwv Atlantic thiab Hiav Txwv Mediterranean.
- Myliobatiformes: yog ib pab pawg ze ze rau Rajiformes, vim lawv zoo ib yam li lawv. Lawv yog cov rays loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, thiab ntawm no cov manta ray Mobula birostris suav nrog, lawv tsis muaj ib tug stinger nyob rau hauv lub caudal fin. Lawv nyob hauv dej hiav txwv dej sov thoob ntiaj teb.
You may also be interested in this other article on our site about Tsiaj dej tob tob.
Piv txwv ntawm holocephalians
Holocephalians raug cais nyob rau hauv ib qho kev txiav txim, Chimaeriformes, ib pawg uas suav nrog chimaeras lossis dab ntses. Tsuas muaj peb tsev neeg ntawm no:
- Callorhynchidae.
- Rhinochimaeridae.
- Chimaeridae.
Muaj qee qhov sib txawv ntawm lawv, qee hom muaj cov hnoos qeev ntev heev nrog cov paj hlwb uas tso cai rau lawv ntes cov tsiaj me. Ib qho piv txwv yog hom chimera Chimaera monstrosa, uas nyob hauv Dej Hiav Txwv Atlantic thiab Hiav Txwv Mediterranean.
Tam sim no koj paub ntau ntxiv txog cov ntses cartilaginous, peb xav kom koj nyeem lwm tsab xov xwm no hais txog 9 tsiaj tsis muaj pob txha.
