Amphibians yog cov tsiaj vertebrate nyob rau hauv uas peb pom, ntawm lwm tus, qhov kev txiav txim Caudata (Urodela), nyob rau hauv uas ntau tshaj 700 hom nyob thiab uas feem ntau hu ua salamanders, txawm li cas los, raws li peb yuav pom, lwm cov npe kuj tseem siv nyob ntawm pawg. Nws lub ntsiab thiab ntau hom kev faib tawm yog nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam Holarctic ntawm North America, txawm hais tias nws tseem muaj nyob rau hauv South America, North Africa, Europe thiab Asia.
Ntawv nyeem tsab xov xwm no ntawm peb lub xaib thiab kawm txog hom salamanders thiab lawv cov yam ntxwv.
Txoj kev ntawm salamanders
Salamanders yog ib pab pawg uas nthuav tawm cov yam ntxwv peculiar rau amphibians, xws li cov hauv qab no:
- Presence of tail in all its stages.
- Tsawg pob txha pob txha thiab tsis muaj pob ntseg, txawm lawv tsis lag ntseg.
- Neoteny (kev saib xyuas ntawm cov menyuam yaus hauv cov neeg laus) yog ib yam ntxwv ntawm ntau hom.
- Lub elongated, cylindrical lub cev tsim ib lub kaum sab xis nrog cov extremities, uas muaj ob peb qhov kev zam feem ntau yog tib yam.
Ntawm qhov tod tes, txawm hais tias feem ntau muaj fertilization sab hauv, hauv qee hom salamanders nws yog sab nraud. Ib yam li ntawd, lawv nthuav tawm ntau qhov ntau thiab tsawg, qhov hnyav thiab xim, qee qhov muaj tshuaj lom thiab nyob ntawm cov pab pawg lawv txawv ntawm hom chaw nyob.
Raws li tus sau, salamanders raug faib ua cuaj lossis 10 tsev neeg, raws li qee qhov cais tsev neeg Dicamptodontidae [1], hos lwm tus. suav nrog nws ua ib lub genus hauv Ambystomatidae. Ntawm no peb yuav siv thawj qhov kev faib tawm, uas tau hais los ntawm Integrated Taxonomic Information System [2]
Tsev neeg Ambystomatidae: mole salamanders
Nyob hauv pab pawg no ntawm salamanders muaj qee hom hu ua axolotls lossis axolotls Cov tsev neeg no tau faib tshwj xeeb hauv North America, los ntawm Alaska mus rau Mexico.. Qee tus muaj tus cwj pwm hauv dej hauv theem larval thiab terrestrial thaum lawv laus, rov qab mus rau dej tsuas yog yug me nyuam xwb. Ntawm qhov tod tes, lwm tus nyob hauv dej tag nrho lawv lub neej.
Muaj 33 hom ntawm cov genus Ambystoma thiab 4 ntawm Dicamptodon. Qee tus tsis raug metamorphosis, thaum lwm tus ua, txawm tias nyob ntawm cov xwm txheej, qee hom yuav lossis tsis hloov. Ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm hom salamander uas tsis ua rau metamorphosis yog pom nyob rau hauv Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), thaum ib qho uas ua yog lub taub hau tiaj tus axolotl (Ambystoma amblycephalum).
Hmoob Amphiumidae: amphiumas
pab pawg ntawm salamander hom no tseem hu ua 'Congo eels', txawm hais tias nws tsis muaj dab tsi cuam tshuam nrog thaj av no, tej zaum yuav txhais tsis raug ntawm conger eels li tiag eels.
Distributed tshwj xeeb hauv teb chaws As Mes Lis Kas, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub teb chaws. Lawv muaj lub cev eel zoo li, nrog lub cev ntev uas txawv ntawm ntau hom salamanders. Lawv yog cov yam ntxwv los ntawm kev ua neotenic, tsis muaj daim tawv muag, nrog cov ceg me me thiab tsis muaj cov gills sab nraud. Kev yug me nyuam yog los ntawm kev fertilization sab hauv thiab lawv tau raug txheeb xyuas tias yog tsiaj txhu.
Tsuas muaj peb hom nyob rau hauv ib lub genus, Amphiuma:
- Peb-toed amphiuma (Amphiuma tridactylum)
- Ob-toed amphiuma (Amphiuma txhais tau tias)
- One-toed amphiuma (Amphiuma pholeter)
Nyob hauv daim duab peb pom amphiuma ntawm ob tug ntiv tes.
Tsev neeg Cryptobranchidae: giant salamanders
Lwm hom amphibians no yog cov salamanders loj heev, muaj npe meej vim lawv loj. Tseem muaj peb hom:
- Suav loj salamander (Andrias davidianus)
- Japanese giant salamander (Andrias japonicus)
- Hellbender Salamander (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis)
thawj zaug nthuav qhia qhov loj tshaj plaws, nce mus txog 1, 8 metres ntev thiab 65 kg hauv qhov hnyav Cov npe ntawm thawj ob qhia txog nws keeb kwm, thaum qhov thib peb tsuas yog nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Tebchaws Meskas, txhim kho hauv cov dej uas muaj pa oxygen zoo nrog cov kev kawm ceev.
cov neeg laus tsis muaj gills thiab lub ntsws xav tias tsis ua haujlwm, yog li ua pa los ntawm lawv daim tawv nqaij Tsis yog Lawv muaj daim tawv muag thiab lawv fertilization yog sab nraud. Lawv yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev tshem tawm cov ntxhiab tsw tsw qab, lawv txhoj puab heev thiab thaj chaw, lawv txawm mutilate ib leeg nrog lawv cov hniav.
Hmoob Hynobiidae: Asian salamanders
Asian salamanders yog ib pab pawg qub uas tau muab faib ua ob pawg, Hynobiinae thiab Onychodactylinae, nrog rau tag nrho 78 hom Lawv muab faib. los ntawm Afghanistan thiab Iran mus rau Nyiv. Qee hom muaj peev xwm nyob hauv cov chaw nyob nrog qhov kub qis dua 0 degrees, yog li lawv khov thiab nyob twj ywm. Ib yam li ntawd, qee qhov, xws li clawed salamanders, uas yog cov genus Onychodactylus, tsim hom claws ntawm lawv cov ntiv tes.
Txoj kev pub mis sib txawv nyob rau hauv pab pawg no, yog li qee cov tsiaj pub los ntawm kev nqus dej los yog siv lawv tus nplaig los simulate qhov projectile. Ua ib hom primitive salamanders, lawv muaj lwm yam kev tsim tawm.
Hauv daim duab peb tuaj yeem pom Fischer's clawed salamander (Onychodactylus fischeri).
Tsev neeg Plethodontidae: lungless salamanders
hom salamander no muaj ntau haiv neeg, raws li nws suav nrog qee yam 477 hom faib feem ntau hauv Asmeskas thiab, tsawg dua, hauv Europe thiab Asia. Lawv lub npe yog vim lub fact tias lawv tsis muaj ntsws tag, yog li ua pa tawm tsuas yog los ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab daim nyias nyias nyob rau hauv lub pharynx.
Lawv muaj nyob rau hauv ntau hom chaw nyob, xws li cov dej, av, av, arboreal thiab ib txhia yog excavators thiab lwm tus nyob rau hauv lub qhov tsua. Lawv tuaj yeem nthuav tawm me me, zoo li cov hom ntawm genus Thorius, uas ntsuas qhov ntev ntawm 30 mm. Lawv yog ib pab pawg neeg nthuav dav heev, qhov twg qee hom salamanders nrog lub zeem muag pom zoo nyob, lwm tus, kom dim ntawm cov tsiaj nyeg, tso lawv cov ceg hauv qab lub cev thiab yob nqes.
Ib qho piv txwv ntawm hom no tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv salamander ntawm Sierra de Juárez, uas yog NW nyuam qhuav 20 mm ntev.
Proteidae tsev neeg: mudpuppies
Npe xws li dej dev thiab elm ntoo yog siv rau hauv cov salamanders. Cov proteids yog ib pawg neeg sib txawv, nrog rau yim hom nyob rau hauv tag nrho thiab suav hais tias yog salamanders siab heev. Lawv yog cov yam ntxwv los ntawm kev ua neotenic, nrog bushy sab nraud gills thiab dej cwj pwm. Nws kev loj hlob yog los ntawm kev fertilization nyob rau hauv.
Cov kev faib loj tshaj plaws yog nyob rau hauv North America thiab ib hom nyob hauv Europe. Lawv nyob ob qho tib si hauv qhov tsua thiab sab nraum lawv. Hauv cov piv txwv ntawm pab pawg peb tuaj yeem hais txog Neuse dej tus dev (Necturus lewisi) thiab olm lossis proteus (Proteus anguinus). Qhov kawg yog qhov peb pom hauv daim duab thiab, raws li qhov xav paub, peb tuaj yeem hais tias nws tsis muaj qhov muag. Tshawb nrhiav ntau Tsiaj txhu yam tsis muaj qhov muag hauv lwm tsab xov xwm no.
Tsev Neeg Rhyacotritonidae: torrent salamanders
hom no kuj yog ib pab neeg tsis muaj ntau haiv neeg, uas ib genus tau txheeb xyuas thiab plaub hom, tag nrhokab mob mus rau sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm Teb Chaws Asmeskas Txawm hais tias lawv raug metamorphosis, lawv khaws qee yam me nyuam yaus xws li cov hniav conical thiab qee cov pob txha txo lossis pob txha mos. Lawv raug yoog kom nyob hauv dej nrog cov dej ntws nrawm. Fertilization yog sab hauv thiab lawv muaj kev zam rau qhov kub thiab txias, yog li lawv nyob hauv qhov chaw txias. Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, lawv muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev hloov chaw nyob.
Qee yam piv txwv ntawm salamanders koom nrog pawg no yog:
- Olympic torrent salamander (Rhyacotriton olympicus)
- Southern torrent salamander (Rhyacotriton variegatus)
Nyob hauv daim duab no peb pom cov salamander sab qab teb.
Hmoob Salamandridae: salamanders and newts
Tej zaum cov pab pawg neeg nyiam tshaj plaws yog cov salamanders ntawm tsev neeg no, uas kuj suav nrog qee hom hu ua newts. Lawv raug faib tshwj xeeb hauv North America, Asia thiab Europe Lawv suav hais tias yog hais txog 123 hom hauv 21 generaLawv feem ntau muaj tus cwj pwm amphibious, txawm hais tias qee qhov tseem nyob hauv dej, lwm tus tsuas yog rov ua dua.
Ntau yam muaj xim ci ntsa iab uas ceeb toom txog lawv cov tshuaj lom vim muaj cov qog muaj kuab lom hauv lawv cov tawv nqaij, xws li North American Taricha newts, suav tias yog cov amphibians tshuaj lom uas muaj Qee hom yog neotenic, fertilization yog sab hauv thiab, txawm hais tias feem ntau nteg lawv cov qe, muaj qee qhov viviparous hauv pawg, xws li Atif salamander (Lyciasalamandra atifi). Feem ntau, cov hom salamanders no muaj cov txheej txheem kev sib hais plaub. Cov hluav taws salamander (Salamandra salamandra) yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm pab pawg.
Hauv daim duab peb pom Atif's salamander.
Family Sirenidae: mermaids
Cov no yog cov peculiar tshaj plaws ntawm tag nrho cov hom ntawm salamanders, mus rau lub point ntawm nws thiaj li raug xam tias yog sab nraum pab pawg neeg. Lawv tsis muaj ob txhais ceg, cov pem hauv ntej yog me me thiab qhov no, nrog rau lawv lub cev elongated, ua rau lawv zoo li eels. Lawv kuj tsis muaj sab nraud gills lossis daim tawv muag thiab yog cov diggers zoo heev. Lub qhov ncauj yog zoo li ib tug horned beak thiab lawv tsuas muaj thaj tsam ntawm cov hniav uas tsis txuas nrog lub puab tsaig pob txha. Lawv yog cov neotenous, nrog rau sab nraud fertilization thiab tuaj yeem ntsuas ntev txog 95 cm.
Ob genera raug lees paub thiab Tsib hom, uas nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Tebchaws Meskas thiab sab qaum teb Mexico. Peb muaj piv txwv nyob rau hauv me me siren (Siren intermedia).
