Lub sij hawm snail yog siv los hais txog ntau haiv neeg ntawm cov tsiaj los ntawm cov pab pawg ntawm gastropods, uas yog nyob rau hauv Mollusca phylum, uas yog yus muaj los ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug remarkably pom sab nraud univalved plhaub. Cov tsiaj no tau kis thoob plaws ntau qhov chaw nyob, suav nrog dej hiav txwv, dej tshiab thiab av, tab sis txawm nyob hauv lawv txhua tus tuaj yeem faib rau ntau thaj chaw ntawm tib lub ecosystem. Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm cov qwj yog tias lawv yuav muaj kev txav qeeb, txawm li cas los xij, nyob ntawm hom, qhov no tsis tiv thaiv kom lawv txav tau, khawb, nce lossis ua luam dej.
Txawm hais tias lawv feem ntau tshwm sim tsis muaj teeb meem, qee qhov muaj cov co toxins uas tuaj yeem ua rau tuag taus, txawm rau tib neeg. Cia siab txuas ntxiv nyeem tsab xov xwm no hauv peb lub vev xaib thiab kawm txog hom tshuaj lom snails
Tshuaj lom zem kaws
Tseem tsis muaj ob peb hom kab mob lom snails uas tshwm sim, vim kwv yees, qhov tseeb, muaj ntau tshaj 10 txhiabkwv yees. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev nkag siab no, lawv muaj ntau haiv neeg, uas tau ua rau lawv taxonomy tsis yog li ntawd yooj yim. Cov tsiaj no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm marine predators thiab siv lawv cov co toxins los ntes lawv cov tsiaj thiab tom qab ntawd noj lawv. Rau cov tsiaj uas muaj kev txav mus los qeeb, tshuaj lom yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg yog lub tswv yim zoo heev rau hom kev noj zaub mov uas lawv muaj.
Ib yam uas ntau hom venomous snails muaj sib xws, txawm tias qhov sib txawv ntawm txhua pab pawg, yog tias lawv txhua tus muaj nyob rau hauv lub superfamily Conoidea, nyob rau hauv uas peb tau txheeb xyuas, ntawm lwm tus, uas muaj hom co toxins: Conidae, Turridae thiab Terebridae.
Kab snails
Txawm hais tias muaj lwm hom kwj uas muaj tshuaj lom, lub npe hu ua cone snails yog ib pab pawg uas muaj qee yam rau tib neeg. Cov tsiaj no muaj nyob hauv tsev neeg Conidae thiab tshwj xeeb hauv Conus genus uas pom muaj qee yam txaus ntshai.
Cov kwj no yog tus yam ntxwv tsis ncav qhov loj, yog li lawv tuaj yeem ntsuas ib puag ncig 23 cm ntev Txawm li cas los xij, Txawm hais tias qhov ntev thiab lawv qeeb txav, kev tawm tsam tuaj yeem nrawm, uas, ua ke nrog cov tshuaj lom uas lawv muaj, ua rau lawv yog ib qho ntawm cov snails txaus ntshai tshaj plaws nyob rau ntawd thiab tsis yog rau peb xwb, tab sis kuj rau cov hom uas lawv tau muab los ntawm lawv noj.
Cov no yog cov tsiaj hiav txwv uas feem ntau nyob hauv cov dej kub thiab cov dej kub kub, ob qho tib si hauv cov dej hiav txwv Indian thiab Pacific. Lawv tsis tshua muaj nyob rau hauv qhov tob heev; Thaum nruab hnub lawv feem ntau nyob ntawm cov coral reefs los yog cov seem ntawm cov no, tab sis thaum tsaus ntuj lawv tsiv mus rau cov pob zeb lossis cov xuab zeb.
Cone snails, tsis zoo li lwm tus, muaj cov radula, lawv cov khoom noj, hloov kho, vim lawv tau taw tes radular cov hniav thiab tseem hollow. Cov qauv hais saum toj no simulate ib lub harpoon, uas lawv siv los txhaj tshuaj lom, uas muaj kev cuam tshuam rau tus neeg raug mob lub paj hlwb thiab cov leeg nqaij.
Coj yoj kwj venom
Cov venom ntawm cov molluscs yog tsim los ntawm ntau yam peptides uas yog chains ntawm amino acids, uas tau raug hu ua qhov no li conotoxins o conopeptides, ruaj khov heev.
Cov conotoxins no me dua cov venom ntawm lwm hom tsiaj, xws li arachnids los yog nab, ib tug peculiarity uas ua rau lawv kis tau sai heev tom qab nkag mus rau hauv lub cev ntawm cov tsiaj. Qhov no piav qhia yog vim li cas tus neeg raug mob tuag tes tuag taw hauv vib nas this Tab sis qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov co toxins no yog lawv cov qib ntawm kev xaiv, kom lawv muaj peev xwm xaiv receptors ntawm lub qib cellular kom ua rau nws lub zog ua haujlwm tau zoo dua.
Piv txwv kab mob npaws snails
Yuav kom paub lawv me ntsis zoo dua, cia peb saib hauv qab no cov piv txwv ntawm cov kwj tshuaj lom neeg muaj nyob hauv pawg no:
- Geography cone snail (Conus geographus): tseem hu ua snail, vim hais tias ib tug neeg stung los ntawm tus tsiaj no, nws tsuas muaj sij hawm los haus luam yeeb ua ntej nws tuag. Tseeb tiag, nws yog ib qho ntawm cov kab mob lom tshaj plaws ntawm cov qwj. Nws yog ib txwm nyob rau hauv dej kub thiab subtropical dej ntawm Indian thiab Pacific Oceans, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tawm ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Australia. Yog tias koj xav paub ntau hom, tsis txhob hnov qab lwm tsab xov xwm no uas peb qhia Cov tsiaj uas txaus ntshai tshaj plaws hauv Australia.
- Purple cone snail (Conus purpurascens): nws yog neeg nyob hauv dej hiav txwv Pacific, tshwj xeeb yog nws nyob ntawm Galapagos Islands thiab Gulf. ntawm California. Nws tsis pub tshaj 7.5 cm thiab yog xim liab, thiab tuaj yeem muaj qhov sib txawv, nrog cov qauv dub lossis xim av. Nws kuj muaj tshuaj lom thiab tua tau ib tug neeg.
- Dall's cone snail (Conus dalli): is another species of poisonous snail with lethal potential in humans. Nws txuas mus rau Pacific ntawm qhov tob tob, piv txwv li, hauv cov dej ze ntawm Galapagos Islands, Gulf of California thiab Panama. Nws cov xim ntawm cov xim daj thiab xim av simulates lub network nrog cov duab peb sab.
Nyob rau hauv daim duab no peb pom geographic cone snail.
Gemmula Snails
Nov yog lwm hom kwj uas muaj tshuaj lom nyob hauv tsev neeg Turridae, uas tau muaj qee qhov kev faib cais. Nws muaj ntau hom tsiaj thiab nws yog ib qho kev xa mus rau cov qwj nrog lo lus 'turrids' lossis 'turridos'. Txawm li cas los xij, tshwj xeeb yog cov qwj ntawm Gemmula genus uas nthuav tawm cov co toxins siv los tua tsiaj.
Cov snails no feem ntau yog lojdua lwm cov genera ntawm pab pawg thiab loj hlob feem ntau nyob rau hauv tob tropical dej ntawm cov dej hiav txwv Indian thiab Pacific. Lub radula ntawm hom qwj no, thaum nws ua rau lub qhov txhab ntawm cov tsiaj nyeg, tso tawm cov co toxins uas nws muaj. Lawv cov venom yog tsim los ntawm ntau yam disulfide-nplua nuj peptides, uas muaj qee yam zoo sib xws rau cone snail conotoxins.
Piv txwv ntawm Poisonous Gemmula Snails
Raws li peb tau hais lawm, tsuas yog cov genus Gemmula muaj cov co toxins, thiab ntawm no yog qee qhov piv txwv:
- Gemmula speciose: hauv lus Askiv nws feem ntau hu ua splendid turrid, nws lub plhaub yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm 4 txog 8 cm ntev thiab yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm nws cov corrugated. los yog carved daim ntawv ntawm dawb los yog yellowish xim. Nws tau muab faib rau hauv hiav txwv ntawm Tuam Tshoj, Nyiv, Philippines thiab Papua New Guinea, thiab lwm yam.
- Gemmula kieneri: nws cov tsos zoo ib yam li G. speciose, qhov tseeb, nws muaj qhov sib npaug sib npaug, txawm hais tias lawv kuj muaj qhov sib npaug. nyob rau hauv Australia, nyob rau hauv qhov tob ntawm 50 mus rau ib tug me ntsis tshaj 300 meters. Qhov loj me txawv ntawm 2.6 txog 7 cm.
Nyob hauv daim duab peb pom hom Gemmula speciose.
Nkauj Qav
Ntawm no yog pab pawg thib peb ntawm cov kwj tshuaj lom uas muaj nyob, uas yog tsev neeg Terebridae. Lawv tseem hu ua auger snails thiab lawv cov npe muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog cov coiled lossis kauv cov duab ntawm lawv lub plhaub, uas zoo li lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev xyaum. Tsis yog txhua tus terebrids muaj tshuaj lom, qee leej ntes lawv cov tsiaj txhu thiab engulf nws yam tsis siv co toxins. Cov uas muaj cov tebchaw no ua rau tus neeg raug mob nrog lawv cov koob tshuaj hypodermic zoo li tus hniav radular, tom qab ntawd mus txhaj tshuaj lom rau immobilize nws thiab thaum kawg noj nws.
Cov venom ntawm cov tsiaj no, txawm hais tias nws muaj qee yam zoo sib xws nrog cov conotoxins hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog lawv cov precursors, tom qab lawv tsim, lawv nthuav tawm qhov tseem ceeb divergences uas tso cai rau tsim kom muaj tsis muaj homologies ntawm cov venoms ntawm lub khob hliav qab. qwj thiab tsev neeg Terebridae.
Paj yias muaj tshuaj lom kwj
Vim tsis yog txhua tus snails muaj tshuaj lom, peb hais ob hom:
- Terebra subulata: Cov tsiaj no tau muab faib rau hauv East Africa, Madagascar, Nyiv, Hawaii thiab Australia, los ntawm 0 txog 10 meters tob. Nws ncav cuag qhov ntev txog li 11 cm, yog li nws muaj cov duab elongated, nrog cov xim qab zib thiab tsaus me ntsis. Nws venom tsuas yog siv tau rau cov annelids uas nws pub, tab sis tsis muaj teeb meem rau vertebrates. Tshawb nrhiav cov annelids hauv lwm cov ntawv tshaj tawm: "Types of annelids".
- Hastula hectica: hu ua 'puam auger', nws yog ib hom kab mob txaus ntshai thiab lom ntawm qwj uas ntsuas ntawm 3 txog 8 cm, nrog lub xub ntiag nyob rau sab hnub poob Indian dej hiav txwv. Nws cov tshuaj lom, raws li tau txheeb xyuas, txawv ntawm conotoxins.
Tam sim no koj paub cov qwj uas txaus ntshai tshaj plaws thiab lom zem tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb no, tsis txhob hnov qab nrhiav thiab mus saib lwm tsab xov xwm no ntawm Hom ntses hiav txwv thiab av.
Nyob hauv daim duab no peb yuav pom lub puam auger qwj.
