PLACENTAL MAMMALS – Kev faib tawm, yam ntxwv thiab piv txwv

Cov txheej txheem:

PLACENTAL MAMMALS – Kev faib tawm, yam ntxwv thiab piv txwv
PLACENTAL MAMMALS – Kev faib tawm, yam ntxwv thiab piv txwv
Anonim
Placental Mammals – Classification, Characteristics and Examples
Placental Mammals – Classification, Characteristics and Examples

Mammals yog ib pawg ntawm cov vertebrates uas tau hloov zuj zus tshaj 200 lab lub xyoo, ua rau muaj ntau yam duab thiab ntau thiab tsawg raws li ib tug adaptive teb rau txawv txoj kev ua neej thiab ib puag ncig uas lawv tau nyob.. Placentals originated nyob rau hauv Cretaceous, txog 130 lab xyoo dhau los. Nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm no muaj qhov loj me me, zoo li tsis muaj lwm pab pawg tsiaj, los ntawm cov puav me me uas nyuam qhuav tshaj 4 grams mus rau cov tsiaj loj tshaj plaws uas tau muaj: tus loj xiav whale (Balaenoptera musculus), uas tuaj yeem ncav cuag 30 meters ntev. thiab ntau tshaj 150 tons. Muaj cov tsiaj uas ya, lwm tus yog dej thiab lwm tus muaj cov cwj pwm fossorial thiab siv yuav luag tag nrho lawv lub neej nyob hauv av. Lawv nyob txhua qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb, xws li dej hiav txwv, thaj chaw polar, roob siab lossis cov suab puam qhuav tshaj plaws.

Yog koj xav paub txhua yam txog placental mammals, lawv kev faib, yam ntxwv thiab piv txwv, txuas ntxiv nyeem tsab xov xwm no uas peb nthuav tawm hauv peb qhov chaw.

Placental mammals yog dab tsi?

Mammals yog cov tsiaj uas pub lawv cov me nyuam los ntawm cov kua mis, uas emanates feem ntau los ntawm leej niam lub mis. Lawv tau muab faib ua peb pawg loj: Metatheria (marsupials), qhov twg peb pom kangaroos ntawm ntau hom marsupials, Protothheria (monotrees), ib pab pawg uas cov platypus thiab lwm yam tsiaj uas nteg qe, thiab Placentalia (placentals).). Ua ke, peb pawg tam sim no muaj ntau dua 5.100 yam.

Placental mammals yog viviparous mammals thiab, tsis zoo li marsupials, lawv tsis muaj hnab lossis marsupium qhov twg lub embryo tsim, hloov, nws tseem nyob hauv lub tsev menyuam uas nws loj tuaj thiab tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm chorioallantoic placenta

Lub sijhawm cev xeeb tub txawv ntawm txhua hom, feem ntau ntev dua hauv cov tsiaj txhu loj dua, txawm hais tias yuav muaj kev zam. Kev xeeb tub tuaj yeem muaj txij li ob peb hnub, xws li cov nas, uas nws lub cev xeeb tub ntev li 21 hnub, mus txog yuav luag ob xyoos, zoo li tshwm sim hauv ntxhw, piv txwv li. Cov tub ntxhais hluas tuaj yeem yug tau tag nrho cov plaub hau thiab nrog lawv lub qhov muag qhib, zoo li antelopes, uas tseem tuaj yeem khiav los ntawm thawj lub sijhawm, lossis lawv tuaj yeem yug los tsis muaj plaub hau, nrog lawv ob lub qhov muag kaw thiab tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv, zoo li ntau cov nas me.

Placental mammals - Kev faib tawm, yam ntxwv thiab piv txwv - placental mammals yog dab tsi?
Placental mammals - Kev faib tawm, yam ntxwv thiab piv txwv - placental mammals yog dab tsi?

Chaw Ntxim Saib Ntxim Ua ntawm placental mammals

Txawm hais tias placental mammals tsim muaj ntau haiv neeg, lawv qhia tej yam ntxwv ntxiv rau cov placenta uas tus fetus tsim. Yog li, cov yam ntxwv ntawm placental mammals yog:

  • The skull is synapsid, uas yog, nws muaj ob lub qhov qhib rau hauv lub ru tsev, qhov twg cov leeg ntawm lub puab tsaig raug tso. Nws muaj mis nyuj hniav nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam thiab thaum lub sij hawm thawj ib feem ntawm lub neej, tom qab ntawd yuav tsum tau hloov los ntawm tus neeg laus cov hniav.
  • Lawv muaj plaub hau nyob rau qee theem ntawm lawv txoj kev loj hlob thiab tuaj yeem yog ob hom: zoo li fluff, uas yog insulating, mos thiab tuab, los yog bristles, uas yog tuab, ntev tiv thaiv plaub hau. Cov plaub hau nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj yog ib tug epidermal keeb kwm thiab yog tsim los ntawm ib tug protein hu ua keratin. Tej zaum lawv yuav raug hloov raws li cov nplawm los yog nplawm, uas yog cov plaub hau uas ua rau lawv muaj kev nkag siab zoo, lossis nyob rau hauv cov porcupine lawv raug yoog rau kev tiv thaiv.
  • Lawv muaj daim tawv nqaij , vim lawv tau yoog raws txhua hom kev ua neej uas lawv coj. Zoo li cov plaub hau, uas yog ua los ntawm chitin, rau tes, claws, thiab hooves kuj yog ua los ntawm chitin. Los yog zoo li cov antlers lossis horns ntawm ruminants, uas yog hollow sheaths ntawm epidermis, npog los ntawm keratin. Cov no tsis hloov lossis molt, yog unbranched, thiab muaj nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si poj niam txiv neej. Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov antlers tam sim no nyob rau hauv tsev neeg mos lwj yog lub cev tag nrho thaum tsim tag nrho. Txhua xyoo lawv loj hlob nyob rau hauv ib daim ntaub mos mos, vascularized daim tawv nqaij hu ua velvet. Thaum lub sij hawm mating lawv molt, khawb tawm tsam ntoo, thiab khiav tawm tom qab txhua lub caij yug me nyuam.
  • LUB NOJ QABMoog caj pas

  • Mis yog tsim los ntawm cov rog thiab cov proteins uas tso cai rau cov menyuam yaus tsim thiab loj hlob hauv thawj theem ntawm lawv lub neej. Lawv muaj nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov poj niam thiab nyob rau hauv ib tug rudimentary txoj kev nyob rau hauv cov txiv neej.
  • Tseem muaj sweat glands nyob rau ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub cev thiab tsuas pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj. Lawv tuaj yeem yog eccrine, uas tso tawm cov hws dej uas nqus cua sov los ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab ua kom nws txias thiab feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam uas tsis muaj plaub hau, los yog apocrine, muaj nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam nrog cov plaub hau thiab lawv secretion yog dawb.
  • Lawv noj muaj ntau yamnyob ntawm lawv pab pawg, lawv thiaj li tuaj yeem ua tau carnivorous, nrog cov hniav yoog rau cov kua muag thiab nrog claws mus ntes lawv cov tsiaj, herbivores, uas pub zaub, insectivores, uas noj me me invertebrates xws li qwj, earthworms los yog ntsaum, los yog omnivorous tsiaj thiab pub rau ob leeg tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag.
  • Lawv muaj lub voj voog estrous cycle (los yog cua sov) nyob rau hauv cov poj niam, uas yog, ib tug periodic voj voog nyob rau hauv uas lawv tsim nyog. rau fertilization, txij li ntau tus txiv neej muaj peev xwm ntawm fertile copulation txhua lub sij hawm ntawm lub xyoo. Estrus tau muab faib ua ntau theem uas qhov kev hloov pauv tshwm sim hauv zes qe menyuam, tsev menyuam thiab qhov chaw mos, thiab lub sijhawm npaj, thaum nws muaj menyuam thiab muaj kev sib koom ua ke.
Placental mammals - Kev faib tawm, yam ntxwv thiab piv txwv - Cov yam ntxwv ntawm placental mammals
Placental mammals - Kev faib tawm, yam ntxwv thiab piv txwv - Cov yam ntxwv ntawm placental mammals

Cov placentals los yog eutherians yog ib tug underclass ntawm mammals thiab yog ib pab pawg neeg sib txawv tshaj plaws ntawm peb pawg tsiaj uas muaj. Eutheria (Eutherios) yog clade (pab pawg) uas suav nrog placentals, ntxiv rau tag nrho cov tsiaj txhu marsupial (Metatheria). Cov pab pawg no muab faib ua 18 kev txiav txim ntawm placental mammals, tag nrho cov ntawm lawv muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm lub cev yam ntxwv thiab cwj pwm. Tom ntej no, peb yuav pom tias placental mammals raug faib li cas thiab qee qhov piv txwv ntawm txhua tus ntawm lawv:

  • Xenarthra (29 hom): lawv yog neeg Amelikas nkaus xwb. Ntawm no peb pom anteaters, armadillos thiab sloths. Lawv muaj ntau yam morphologies, xws li elongated lub cev nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tus anteater (Tamandua mexicana), uas kuj muaj ib tug elongated snout thiab ib tug ntev tus nplaig uas tso cai rau nws mus yos hav zoov ntsaum thiab termites, thiab muaj zog claws uas yuav ua rau termites. mounds los yog anthills. Ntawm qhov tod tes, sloths (Choloepus didactylus) kuj muaj claws nce thiab muaj cov metabolism qeeb heev. Lawv nyob thoob plaws tebchaws Amelikas.
  • Pholidota (7 hom): Cov tsiaj no yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm lawv lub cev npog nrog cov nplai loj. Lawv muaj cov claws muaj zog, tus Tsov tus tw prehensile thiab tus nplaig nplaum loj. Nws tus neeg sawv cev yog tus pangolin (Manis crassicaudata), uas nyob hauv Africa thiab Asia thiab noj cov kab thiab ntsaum. Txawm hais tias tsuas muaj ib genus ntawm pangolin, muaj xya hom sib txawv. Lawv txhua tus muaj tus cwj pwm thaum nruab hnub thiab yog tsiaj tib neeg.
  • Lagomorpha (80 hom): Hares and rabbits are found here. Lawv zoo li nas tsuas yog vim lawv qhov ntev, tsis tu ncua loj hlob incisors, uas yuam kom lawv mus tas li gnaw. Qhov txawv ntawm ib thiab lwm qhov yog tias lagomorphs muaj ob kab ntawm incisors. Lawv nyob teb chaws Europe, Africa thiab North America, tab sis tau qhia rau lwm lub teb chaws, thiab tam sim no yuav luag cosmopolitan.
  • Rodentia (2024 hom): yog qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm placental mammals, muaj ntau tshaj li ib nrab ntawm hom tsiaj. Lawv qhov loj me feem ntau me me thiab lawv nyob hauv tag nrho lub ntiaj teb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov nas hauv tsev, uas yog cosmopolitan. Lawv yog hom uas yoog tau yooj yim rau cov zaub mov thiab ib puag ncig.
  • Macroscelidea (15 hom): cov no yog cov ntxhw shrews xws li Elephantulus brachyrhynchus. Lawv yog cov tsiaj me nrog ntev snout thiab elongated hind ob txhais ceg. Lawv tsuas nyob hauv tebchaws African xwb.
  • Primates (236 hom): lawv tau muab faib ua ob pawg loj, ntawm ib sab muaj cov Strepsirrhini nrog lemurs los ntawm Madagascar, cov galagos los ntawm teb chaws Africa thiab cov lories los ntawm Is Nrias teb thiab Southeast Asia, thiab ntawm qhov tod tes, muaj Haplorrhini, nrog tarsids, liab thiab apes, nrog rau tib neeg. Lawv tau nthuav dav thoob plaws ntiaj teb, xws li peb muaj cov liab ntawm Central thiab South America (Plathyrrhini), xws li marmoset Saimiri oerstedii lossis howler liab Aloutta caraya, thiab cov liab thiab apes ntawm Africa, Europe thiab Asia, xws li macaque Macaca mulatta, chimpanzee Pan troglodytes los yog tib neeg Homo sapiens.
  • Scandentia (19 hom): Cov no yog tsob ntoo shrews, pom nyob rau hauv hav zoov ntawm Southeast Asia. Cov placental mammals yog yoog rau lub neej nyob rau hauv ntoo, raws li lawv muaj ib tug ntev Tail thiab me claws rau nce toj, zoo li Anathana ellioti.
  • Dermoptera (2 hom): Lawv muaj daim nyias nyias zoo li cov puav, tab sis lawv lub cev txawv ntawm cov puav. Lawv yog cov loj arboreal gliders, lawv noj cov tua, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, nplooj thiab paj, xws li kaguang los yog colugo (Cynocephalus variegatus).
  • Chiroptera (928 hom): Bats yog tib hom tsiaj uas muaj tis ya, raws li lawv muaj tseeb tis. Lawv muaj nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov teb chaws tshwj tsis yog Antarctica. Lawv muaj echolocation, uas tso cai rau lawv txav mus rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj. Qee tus yog pollinators ntawm cov nroj tsuag uas lawv mus xyuas, lwm hom yog insectivorous, frugivorous thiab ib co muaj peev xwm haus tau ntshav, lawv yog cov thiaj li hu ua vampire puav, xws li Desmodus rotundus, uas lick cov ntshav ntawm cov tsiaj xws li nyuj los yog npua.
  • Carnivora (271 hom): lawv yog cov tsiaj nyob thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Ntawm no koj yuav pom cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj, ntxhw ntsaws ruaj ruaj, walruses thiab hiav txwv tsov ntxhuav. Cov tsiaj no muaj nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua lub hiav txwv, tab sis lawv tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov dej txias nyob ze ntawm tus ncej, vim muaj cov ntses thiab crustaceans siab uas ua rau lawv cov khoom noj. Nyob rau hauv dav dav, lawv muaj ib tug clumsy thiab hnyav lub cev nyob rau hauv av, tab sis kuj zoo kawg thiab agility nyob rau hauv dej. Ntawm qhov tod tes, ntawm no yog felids, xws li miv, panthers, tsov ntxhuav thiab cheetahs, thiab canids, zoo li hma, dev thiab hma, uas yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev muaj lub cev agile, yoog raws tus txha nraub qaum thiab cov ceg tawv tshwj xeeb rau kev khiav, vim lawv yuav tsum ntes lawv cov tsiaj kom tau zaub mov. Tsis tas li ntawm no koj tuaj yeem pom the mustelids, xws li otters, minks, skunks and the like, l the ursids, nyob qhov twg, cov procyonids , zoo li raccoons, coatis thiab pandas, the viverrids, uas yog noob caj noob ces, civets, mongooses, meerkats, thiab hyaenids, uas yog hyenas. Hauv pab pawg no, txawm li cas los xij, muaj ib hom neeg tsis noj nqaij: panda.
  • Insectivora (429 hom): lawv yog cov txheej txheem qub tshaj plaws ntawm placental mammals, raws li lawv khaws ntau yam ntxwv ntawm cov kab qub qub uas lawv nyob nrog cov dinosaurs. Lawv tau sawv cev los ntawm cov tsiaj xws li shrew (Crocidura leucodon) tam sim no hauv Asia, hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) los ntawm Tebchaws Europe, Asia, Africa thiab uas tau qhia hauv New Zealand, thiab Talpa europaea mole tam sim no hauv North America, Europe thiab Asia.
  • Artiodactyla (220 hom): muaj tus ntiv taw tus ntiv taw (2 lossis 4) uas npog los ntawm txheej horny hu ua lub hoof. Ruminant artiodactyls tuaj yeem pom, xws li oxen, moose, twm, gazelles thiab giraffes, uas yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm lub plab nrog ob peb chav, ruminating thiab muaj cov antlers uas lawv siv los ua kev tiv thaiv. Non-ruminant artiodactyls muaj xws li hippopotamuses thiab npua. Ntawm qhov tod tes, camelids (cov ntxhuav, dromedaries, vicuñas, alpacas, guanacos, thiab llamas), piv txwv li, tau hloov mus rau qhov chaw huab cua, xws li qhov chaw siab lossis huab cua qhuav. Lawv muaj nyob rau America thiab Africa.
  • Cetacea (78 hom): Cetaceans yog tib hom tsiaj uas nyob hauv dej xwb. Ntawm no peb pom dolphins, phev whales thiab whales. Lub cev ntawm cetaceans yog heev voluminous thiab lawv ua tiav lawv propulsion ua tsaug rau cov leeg ntawm caudal fin, uas yog loj thiab fleshy. Lawv tsis muaj plaub hau, lawv tsuas muaj ob peb kov nyob ze ntawm lub qhov ncauj, yog li, raws li ib txoj kev ntawm thermal rwb thaiv tsev, lawv muaj ib txheej ntawm rog ob peb centimeters tuab.
  • Tubulidentata (1 species): The aardvark (Orycteropus afer) muaj nyob ntawm no. Nws pub yuav luag tsuas yog rau cov kab xws li termites. Nws muaj ib tug nplaum qaub ncaug thiab tus nplaig ntev uas lawv ntes lawv. Nws nyob hauv prairies lossis hauv hav zoov. Nws yog nyob rau teb chaws Africa.
  • Perissodactyla (18 hom): Qhov kev txiav txim no suav nrog cov tsiaj loj uas nws ko taw muaj tus ntiv taw xoo (1), uas nws tau them. ntawm ib tug horny hoof. Tus neeg sawv cev paub zoo tshaj plaws yog tus nees. Lwm hom ntawm qhov kev txiav txim no yog luav, zebras, tapirs thiab rhinoceroses. Lawv nyob America, Africa, Asia thiab Europe.
  • Hyracoidea (6 hom): lawv muaj qhov zoo sib xws nrog ntxhw thiab lwm pab pawg ntawm placental mammals, txawm li cas los xij, lawv cov duab thiab cov cwj pwm zoo sib xws. cov nas. Ntawm no yog cov hyraxes (Procavia capensis), uas nyob hauv teb chaws Africa thiab tau yoog rau txhua yam ntawm ib puag ncig thiab muaj kev noj zaub mov zoo.
  • Proboscidea (2 hom): ntawm no peb muaj tus ntxhw, nrog ib tug proboscis los yog lub cev uas tshwm sim los ntawm fusion ntawm lub qhov ntswg nrog lub daim di ncauj sab sauv thiab yog siv rau ua pa, sniffing thiab raws li ib tug prehensile lub cev. Tam sim no lawv tau sawv cev los ntawm ob hom: Neeg Esxias ntxhw thiab African ntxhw. Cov poj niam ntawm cov neeg Esxias ntxhw tsis muaj tus nas thiab cov txiv neej muaj lawv tsawg dua cov neeg African. Nws pob ntseg me me thiab daim duab peb sab. Tus ntxhw African, ntawm qhov tod tes, muaj pob ntseg loj. Txhua tus ntxhw tsuas yog herbivorous xwb.
  • Sirenia (5 hom): cov no yog cov placental mammals uas, ua ke nrog cetaceans thiab pinnipeds, tau populated nyob rau hauv dej. Lawv nyob raws ntug dej hiav txwv los yog hauv cov dej ntws nrog ntau cov nroj tsuag dej, vim lawv cov zaub mov tsuas yog herbivorous. Vim qhov ploj ntawm lawv cov ceg tawv, lawv ua luam dej siv lawv tus Tsov tus tw loj thiab lawv cov forelimbs, uas tau hloov mus ua fins. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm qhov kev txiav txim no yog manatee Trichechus manatus, uas nyob hauv Asmeskas thiab Africa, thiab dugong Dugong dugon, uas nyob hauv Africa, Asia thiab Australia.

Photos of Placental Mammals – Kev faib tawm, yam ntxwv thiab piv txwv

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