lo lus "cephalopod" los ntawm Greek lo lus kepbale (lub taub hau) thiab pous, podos (ko taw). Lawv tsuas yog cov tsiaj hauv dej nkaus xwb, uas suav nrog cov chav kawm hauv mollusk phylum thiab, txawm hais tias dhau los ntawm cov keeb kwm evolutionary ntawm pab pawg, uas hnub rov qab mus rau Cambrian fossil cov ntaub ntawv, lawv muaj ntau haiv neeg, tam sim no tsuas muaj ob lub subclasses nyob, uas yog Coleoidea thiab Nautiloidea, nyob ib ncig ntawm 800 hom yog pawg.
Cov tsiaj no muaj cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb thiab muaj ntau haiv neeg, uas tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ua rau qee hom peculiar thiab xav paub. Peb caw koj los nyeem cov lus no hauv peb lub vev xaib kom koj paub txhua yam yam ntxwv ntawm cephalopods, piv txwvpob zeb thiab lawv faib li cas
cephalopods yog dab tsi?
Cephalopods yog ib hom mollusk, yog li ntawd lawv sib xws rau cov tsiaj invertebrate, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog los ntawm marine chaw, uas yog feem ntau hu ua octopus, squid, and cuttlefish Lawv muaj keeb kwm evolutionary ntev, nrog rau ob peb pawg uas cuam tshuam nrog lawv tab sis tam sim no ploj mus. Ntawm qhov tod tes, cephalopods yog anatomically txawv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau lawv lub taub hau tseem ceeb thiab muaj caj npab thiab/los yog tentacles.
Type of cephalopods
Raws li peb tau hais lawm, kev sau sephalopods yog dav dua vim tias lawv muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm kev ploj tuag. Txawm li cas los xij, cov hauv qab no nyob tam sim no:
Subclass Coleoidea
No subclass pawg tsiaj muaj npe hu ua mos-bodied or shellless molluscs, which radiated into the oceans millions of years ago. Hauv pab pawg no peb pom:
- Superorder Decabrachia los yog decapodiformes: nws yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm kaum ceg, ntawm ob yog ntev tentacles thiab yim lub caj npab me..
- Superorder Octobrachia los yog octopodiformes: lawv muaj yim caj npab tsis muaj tentacles.
Decapodiforms suav nrog cov hu ua squid thiab cuttlefish, hos octopods muaj xws li octopuses thiab vampire squid.
tag nrho, cov subclass no paub txog qee yam 142 genera thiab 727 hom.
Subclass Nautiloidea
Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, tam sim no tsuas muaj ib qho kev txiav txim, Nautilida los yog nautiloides, nrog rau qhov txawv anatomical nta ntawm pawg, xws li nws pom tseeb sab nraud lub plhaub thiab muaj nyob nruab nrab ntawm 60 thiab 90 tentacles tsis muaj suckers, tab sis muaj peev xwm ntawm secreting ib tug nplaum nplaum pab tau rau ntes cov zaub mov.
tib nautiloids tseem muaj sia nyob niaj hnub no yog hom hu ua nautilus thiab, txawm hais tias muaj qhov sib txawv, lawv tuaj yeem suav tias yog ob hom thiab xya. subspecies. Qhov no sib txawv heev nrog ntau haiv neeg ntawm cov tsiaj tuag, uas kwv yees li ntawm ntau tshaj 2,500, uas yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev muaj zog predators nyob rau hauv lawv flowering lub caij.
Characteristics of cephalopods
Tam sim no peb paub cov hom cephalopods uas muaj nyob thiab peb muaj peev xwm ntau los yog tsawg tau ib lub tswv yim ntawm lawv cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb, cia peb khawb me ntsis kom paub ntau ntxiv txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cephalopods uas txawv. lawv cov molluscs:
- Nyob ntawm cov hom, qhov ntau thiab tsawg sib txawv los ntawm 2 los yog 3 cm mus rau ib ncig ntawm 15 meters los yog ntau tshaj qhov ntev.
- The shell nws txawv nyob ntawm hom Yog li, nws yuav muaj nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv hloov, txij li, txawm hais tias nws tuaj yeem pom sab nraud., nws yog faib rau hauv chav tsev; nws yuav yog ib tug me me qauv nyob rau hauv lub mantle; feem ntau ntawm nws tej zaum yuav ploj mus, tsuas yog vestiges; los yog tsis tuaj. Lub mantle yog ib qho txuas ntxiv ntawm lub cev mollusc uas ua haujlwm tawm sab nraud hauv daim ntawv ntawm txheej. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cephalopods, nws yog mos mos thiab tsis muaj lub plhaub los yog, raws li peb tau hais, nws yog nyob rau hauv nws.
- Lawv locomotion yog los ntawm dav hlau propulsion system, ua tsaug rau qhov tseeb tias lawv tau lim hiam dej tawm ntawm lub tsho tiv no los ntawm kev siv lub tshuab ua pa. qauv hu ua "ventral funnel" los yog "siphon"
- Lub ventral funnel yog mobile, yog li lawv tuaj yeem tswj tau ob qho tib si ceev ntawm kev tshem tawm dej, thiab yog li ntawd lub zog ntawm kev txav, xws li cov kev taw qhia lawv tab tom mus. Tag nrho cov cephalopods muaj qhov funnel no, txawm hais tias cov duab txawv ntawm pawg. Yog li, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv squid thiab cuttlefish nws yog ib feem nyob rau hauv lub cev, thaum nyob rau hauv octopus nws yog tag nrho nrog.
- Lawv muaj cov kab mob uas feem ntau yog cov leeg nqaij uas nyob ntawm lub taub hau thiab ib ncig ntawm lub qhov ncauj.
- Cov extremities, uas sib txawv nyob rau hauv tus lej raws li pab pawg neeg, muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev pub, txav los yog rov tsim dua.
- Txawm hais tias cov ntsiab lus tentacles thiab caj npab feem ntau siv sib hloov, kev tshawb fawb feem ntau yog qhov txawv, qhov qub tau ntev dua thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev ntes. cov zaub mov, thaum lub vib nas this luv thiab pab tswj cov zaub mov. Qee zaum, lawv tau them rau hauv cov suckers thiab sib txawv nyob ntawm seb hom cephalopod.
- Lawv muaj lub taub hau , nrog lub hlwb uas yog qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws ntawm tag nrho pawg ntawm invertebrates.
- Ib yam ntxwv ntawm molluscs yog qhov muaj cov leeg nqaij nyob rau sab qis ntawm cov tsiaj no hu ua "ko taw". Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cephalopods, qhov no ko taw yog hloov thiab fused nrog lub taub hau Yog li, cov tentacles uas yog heev npaum li cas nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj no muab los ntawm ko taw.
- Lawv muaj lub cev , uas nyob ib ncig ntawm lub visceral kab noj hniav thiab pab tau rau contraction ntawm cov kab noj hniav no thiab ua pa. Lub visceral kab noj hniav yog ib lub chamber uas tsim nyob rau hauv lub mantle thiab qhov chaw uas lub cev tseem ceeb tiv thaiv.
- Lub mantle muaj qhov nqus hom kab noj hniav thiab lub funnel muaj qhov ua pa tawm.
- Tsuas yog cov nautiluses, uas muaj ob khub, tag nrho lwm cov cephalopods muaj ib khub ntawm ctenidia tsis muaj cilia, uas sib haum rau cov kab mob ua pa, uas yog, rau cov gills. Raws li kev xav, lawv zoo li lub zuag.
- Lawv muaj ib tug horny beaknyob ib ncig ntawm lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav thiab hauv nws ib tug radula, ib tug qauv siv rau pub. Txawm hais tias hauv qee qhov nws txo qis lossis tsis tuaj.
- Lawv muaj ob khub ntawm qaub ncaug, uas nyob rau hauv tej yam kab mob yuav lom.
- Lub plab zom mov yog tsim los ntawm peb lub qauv: txoj hlab pas, plab, thiab cecum.
- Nyob rau hauv feem ntau uas tsis yog-nautiloids, qhov kawg ntawm cecum muaj ib tug qauv uas ua hauj lwm raws li lub ink-producing caj pas, the uas ejected los ntawm lub mantle kab noj hniav.
- Tshwj tsis yog cov nautiluses, cephalopods yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov hlwb hu ua "chromatophores", uas tso cai rau lawv nthuav tawm ntau yam hloov xim thiab qauv teb rau Cov xwm txheej ntawm kev ntxhov siab, txaus ntshai lossis nyob ntawm tus neeg lub siab xav. Qhov no yog ib qho zoo heev vim hais tias nyob rau hauv vib nas this qee tus tuaj yeem hloov kho lawv cov tsos, txij li lawv tuaj yeem hloov qhov kev ntxhib los mos ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Qhov kev coj cwj pwm no tsis tsuas yog tso cai rau qee tus tib neeg los camouflage lawv tus kheej, tab sis txawm ua rau lwm hom tsiaj. Ntsib lwm yam Tsiaj qus uas camouflaged hauv tsab xov xwm no.
- Lub paj hlwb tsim tau zoo heev thiab nyuaj, yog li nws cov qauv kev sib txuas lus teb rau cov yam ntxwv no.
- Qee hom cephalopods tau pom tias tau txais kev kawm thiab kev nco, ib qho txawv heev nyob rau hauv pawg ntawm invertebrates.
- Txawm hais tias nautiluses muaj lub qhov muag thaum ntxov, tus so tau tsim kho qhov muag zoo heev, nrog rau lub ntsej muag ntawm lub ntsej muag, lub ntsej muag, retina thiab iris, kom lawv tsim cov duab thiab can paub qhov txawv xim.
- Feem ntau, cephalopods muaj lub neej luv luv, uas lawv tsim kom muaj kev loj hlob sai.
Habitat of cephalopods
Cephalopods yog cov tsiaj uas muaj dej tshwj xeeb chaw thiab marine hom Feem ntau, lawv tsis kam rau qhov qis qis ntawm salinity. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj qee qhov tshwj xeeb hauv pab pawg uas tuaj yeem nyob hauv dej nrog cov ntsev tsawg. Nyob ntawm seb hom cephalopod, lawv tau faib los ntawm cov dej saum npoo av thiab theem nrab mus rau cov seabeds tseem ceeb, tob li 5,000 meters.
Lawv muaj kev faib thoob ntiaj teb, txij li lawv muaj nyob hauv txhua lub ntiaj teb dej hiav txwv. Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau nce hauv ntau haiv neeg thiab cov lej ntawm txoj kab nruab nrab thiab txo qis ze ntawm thaj chaw polar. Qee tus nyiam ua luam dej dawb, thaum lwm tus nyiam koom nrog thaj chaw pob zeb, tsim coral lossis txawm mus rau ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv.
Nyob ntawm cephalopods
Cephalopods feem ntau yog cov neeg yos hav zoov, uas caum thiab ntes lawv cov tsiaj tau yooj yim, tso siab rau lawv cov ceg thiab qee zaum hauv siv cov tshuaj lom thiab cov kab noj hniav, uas tuaj yeem chob yuav luag txhua yam uas nws ntes tau.
Nyob ntawm hom, lawv pub rau:
- Plankton
- Snails
- Worms
Nws txawm kwv yees tias hom squid loj tuaj yeem yos hav zoov thiab pub rau tsiaj xws li whales. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li lawv tsis tau kawm ua neej nyob hauv lawv qhov chaw nyob, kev lees paub hauv qhov no tsis muaj. Lawv kuj tau paub tias yuav ua phem rau cov tswv cuab ntawm lawv pawg.
Reproduction of cephalopods
Cephalopods muaj kev sib deev sib deev thiab qee zaum kev sib tham ua ntej yug me nyuam, uas tej zaum yuav muaj kev txav ntawm nkawm niam txiv thiab txawm tias kev hloov xim, tshwj xeeb hauv cov txiv neej, uas kwv yees siv los ceeb toom rau lwm tus txiv neej.
Tom qab kev sib tham, kev yug me nyuam pib, uas feem ntau muaj cov hauv qab no:
- Sperm cells tau ntim rau hauv ib lub spermatophore, uas yog khaws cia rau hauv ib lub hnab uas qhib rau hauv lub mantle kab noj hniav. Lub hnab no kis mus rau ib kab noj hniav nyob rau hauv tus poj niam lub mantle uas nyob ze ntawm lub oviduct. Ua li no, lawv siv ib caj npab tshwj xeeb hu ua "hectocotyl."
- Thaum cov qe mus txog thaj tsam oviduct yog thaum fertilization tshwm sim. Thaum fertilized, cov qe tau tso los yog txuas rau qee qhov substrate, uas tuaj yeem yog pob zeb, corals, clumps ntawm cov nroj tsuag lossis algae.
- Cephalopods, tshwj tsis yog cov octopus hom, tsis tu lawv cov qe Cov tom kawg yog rhiab heev rau kub, tab sis kuj Cov dej dav dav ntawm cov dej thiab txawm tias muaj kuab paug tuaj yeem cuam tshuam kev loj hlob ntawm embryonic.
Cephalopods, ntawm qhov tod tes, tsis muaj kev loj hlob larval dawb, uas yog, tom qab embryonic txoj kev loj hlob, hatching ntawm lub qe tshwm sim., los ntawm uas ib tug tag nrho tsim ib tug neeg hluas emerges. Txij li thaum lub embryo pib tsim, lub taub hau ntawm ko taw tsis txawv lawm, thiab los ntawm lub anterior ntug ntawm lub tom kawg, lub tentacles nyob ib ncig ntawm lub qhov ncauj yog tsim.
Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov tsiaj no feem ntau nthuav tawm cov cwj pwm nyuaj rau kev yug me nyuam, uas raws li peb tau hais tsis yog suav nrog kev hais plaub ntug xwb, tab sis kuj muaj kev sib cav sib ceg ntawm txiv neej Nyob rau hauv cov kev tawm tsam no peb pom kev siv cov txheej txheem ntxuav uas siv los ntawm tus txiv neej thib ob uas sim ua niam txiv nrog tus poj niam thiab sim tshem tawm cov phev uas tau qhia los ntawm tus neeg sib tw. Nws kuj tau raug txheeb xyuas tias qee tus txiv neej tswj hwm lawv li cas los hloov lawv lub ntsej muag kom pom lawv tus kheej ua poj niam thiab zam kev tawm tsam los ntawm cov txiv neej muaj zog.
Piv txwv ntawm cephalopods
Peb tau hais tias cephalopods feem ntau hu ua squid, cuttlefish, octopus, thiab nautilus. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv qab no peb yuav sau npe qee yam piv txwv ntawm cov hom tshwj xeeb kom nkag siab zoo dua hom cephalopods:
- Ramhorn squid (Spirula spirula)
- Giant squid (Architeuthis dux)
- Humboldt squid (Dosidicus gigas)
- Vampire squid (Vampyroteuthis infernalis)
- Northern Pygmy Squid (Idiospius paradoxus)
- Marbled squid (Loligo forbesii)
- Colossal squid (Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni)
- Firefly squid (Watasenia scintillans)
- Plaub los yog Nplaim Hniav (Metasepia pfefferi)
- Golden cuttlefish (Sepia esculenta)
- Trident cuttlefish (Sepia trygonina)
- Great Argonaut (Argonauta argo)
- Giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini)
- Greer blue-ringed octopus (Hapalochlaena lunulata)
- octopus (Octopus vulgaris)
- Mimetic octopus (Thaumoctopus mimicus)
- Seven-armed octopus (Haliphron atlanticus)
- Bali Chambered Nautilus (Allonautilus perforatus)
- Crusted Nautilus (Allonautilus scrobiculatus)
- Palaean Nautilus (Nautilus belauensis)
- Nautilus Nautilus (Nautilus macromphalus)
- Chambered Nautilus (Nautilus pompilius)
