AMPHIBIANS HOM - Kev faib tawm, cov npe thiab cov piv txwv

Cov txheej txheem:

AMPHIBIANS HOM - Kev faib tawm, cov npe thiab cov piv txwv
AMPHIBIANS HOM - Kev faib tawm, cov npe thiab cov piv txwv
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Amphibian Hom - Kev faib tawm, Cov Npe thiab Piv txwv fetchpriority=siab
Amphibian Hom - Kev faib tawm, Cov Npe thiab Piv txwv fetchpriority=siab

Lub npe ntawm amphibians (amphi-bios) los ntawm Greek thiab txhais tau tias "ob leeg lub neej". Qhov no yog vim lawv lub neej voj voog pawg dej thiab av Cov tsiaj txawv txawv no hloov lawv txoj kev ua neej thiab kev zoo nkauj thoob plaws hauv lawv txoj kev loj hlob. Feem ntau yog thaum tsaus ntuj thiab lom. Ib txhia txawm sib sau los hu nkauj hmo ntuj los nag. Tsis muaj qhov tsis ntseeg, lawv yog ib qho ntawm cov tsiaj vertebrate txaus nyiam tshaj plaws.

Tam sim no, ntau tshaj 7,000 hom tau piav qhia thiab raug faib thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb, tshwj tsis yog nyob rau hauv cov chaw uas muaj huab cua phem tshaj plaws. Txawm li cas los xij, vim lawv txoj kev ua neej tshwj xeeb, lawv muaj ntau dua nyob rau hauv tropics. Koj puas xav paub cov tsiaj no zoo dua? Tsis txhob nco tsab xov xwm no rau ntawm peb lub xaib txog qhov sib txawv hom amphibians, lawv cov kev faib tawm, npe thiab cov piv txwv xav paub.

Dab tsi yog amphibians?

Modern amphibians yog tsiaj non-amniotic tetrapod vertebrates, qhov no yog lub ntsiab txhais ntawm amphibians. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias lawv muaj cov pob txha pob txha, muaj plaub ceg (li no lo lus tetrapods), thiab nteg qe tsis muaj daim nyias nyias. Vim lub tom kawg, lawv cov qe yog rhiab heev rau dryness thiab yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv dej. Cov larvae dej tawm los ntawm lawv thiab tom qab ntawd dhau los ua cov txheej txheem hloov pauv hu ua metamorphosisQhov no yog li cas lawv dhau los ua neeg laus ntawm lub neej ib nrab. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov no yog lub voj voog ntawm cov qav.

Txawm hais tias lawv pom tseeb tsis meej, amphibians tau colonized ntau ntawm lub ntiaj teb no thiab tau yoog mus rau cov ecosystems thiab chaw nyob sib txawv Vim li no, muaj ntau hom amphibians nrog enormous ntau haiv neeg. Qhov no yog vim muaj ntau qhov kev zam uas tsis ua raws li cov ntsiab lus saum toj no.

Vim lawv muaj ntau haiv neeg, nws yog ib qho nyuaj heev los qhia seb cov hom amphibians sib txawv li cas. Txawm li cas los xij, peb tau sau nws cov cim tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, qhia tias leej twg muaj kev zam. Cov no yog cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm amphibians:

  • Tetrapods: Tsuas yog cov caecilians, amphibians muaj ob khub ntawm caj npab xaus ntawm taw. Ob txhais taw feem ntau webbed nrog 4 ntiv taw, txawm hais tias muaj ntau qhov kev zam.
  • rhiab tawv nqaij: lawv muaj cov tawv nqaij zoo heev, tsis muaj nplai thiab rhiab rau dryness, yog li nws yuav tsum nyob twj ywm moist thiab nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub.. nruab nrab.
  • Toxicos: amphibians muaj qog nyob rau hauv lawv daim tawv nqaij uas tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Vim li no, nws cov tawv nqaij yog tshuaj lom yog tias noj los yog nws los rau hauv qhov muag. Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau hom tsis muaj kev hem thawj rau tib neeg.
  • Skin respiration: Cov neeg amphibians feem ntau ua pa ntawm lawv daim tawv nqaij, yog li lawv yuav tsum ua kom nws noo txhua lub sijhawm. Ntau tus neeg amphibians ntxiv rau hom kev ua pa no nrog lub ntsws thiab lwm tus muaj gills thoob plaws hauv lawv lub neej. Koj tuaj yeem kawm paub ntau ntxiv txog cov ncauj lus no hauv kab lus hais txog qhov twg thiab qhov twg amphibians ua pa.
  • Ectothermy: Koj lub cev kub nyob ntawm qhov chaw koj nyob. Vim li no, thiaj li pom lawv basking nyob rau hauv lub hnub.
  • : Amphibians muaj kev sib deev sib deev, uas yog, muaj txiv neej thiab poj niam. Ob leeg poj niam txiv neej sib yuav rau fertilization yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tus poj niam los yog sab nraum.
  • Oviparous: Cov poj niam nteg qe dej nrog nyias nyias, gelatinous plhaub. Vim li no, amphibians nyob ntawm seb muaj dej los yog av noo rau lawv cov me nyuam. Tsawg tus neeg amphibians tau hloov mus rau ib puag ncig arid los ntawm kev tsim viviparity thiab tsis nteg qe.
  • Indirect development: Aquatic larvae hatch from the egg and breathe through gills. Thaum lub sij hawm lawv txoj kev loj hlob, lawv mus rau ib tug ntau los yog tsawg complex metamorphosis nyob rau hauv uas lawv tau txais cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov neeg laus. Qee tus neeg amphibians txhim kho ncaj qha thiab tsis dhau mus rau metamorphosis.
  • Hmo ntuj: Feem ntau cov amphibians feem ntau nquag thaum hmo ntuj, thaum lawv tawm mus yos hav zoov thiab yug me nyuam. Txawm li cas los xij, ntau hom yog diurnal.
  • Carnivores: Amphibians yog carnivores nyob rau hauv lawv cov neeg laus lub xeev thiab noj tsuas yog rau invertebrates. Txawm li cas los xij, nws cov larvae yog herbivorous thiab noj algae, nrog rau qee qhov kev zam.

Raws li peb tau hais, lwm tus yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm amphibians yog tias lawv tau txais kev hloov pauv hu ua metamorphosis. Tom ntej no, peb nthuav qhia cov duab sawv cev ntawm metamorphosis of amphibians.

Hom amphibians - Kev faib tawm, npe thiab piv txwv - Dab tsi yog amphibians?
Hom amphibians - Kev faib tawm, npe thiab piv txwv - Dab tsi yog amphibians?

Amphibians belong to the class Amphibia, uas tau muab faib ua peb yam:

  • Gymnophiona Order
  • Order Urodela
  • Order Anura

Txhua qhov kev txiav txim suav nrog cov tsev neeg thiab cov tsev neeg subfamilies uas suav nrog ntau hom amphibian. Yog li, tom ntej no peb yuav pom cov hom amphibians pom hauv txhua pab pawg.

Hom amphibians - Kev faib tawm, npe thiab piv txwv - Kev faib tawm ntawm amphibians
Hom amphibians - Kev faib tawm, npe thiab piv txwv - Kev faib tawm ntawm amphibians

Hmoob amphibians thiab lawv cov npe

Muaj peb hom amphibians:

  • Caecilians los yog legless (order Gymnophiona).
  • Salamanders thiab newts (order Urodela).
  • Qab thiab toads (order Anura).

Caecilians los yog apodes (Gymnophiona)

Caecilians los yog apods muaj txog 200 hom uas tau muab faib thoob plaws hauv hav zoov hav zoov ntawm South America, Africa thiab Southeast Asia. Lawv yog cov amphibians nrog lub ntsej muag vermiform, uas yog, nrog elongated and cylindrical shapeTsis zoo li lwm hom amphibians, caecilians tsis muaj ceg thiab qee qhov muaj nplai ntawm lawv daim tawv nqaij.

Cov tsiaj txawv txawv no nyob faus rau hauv av ntub, coob leej dig muag. Tsis zoo li anurans, txiv neej muaj lub cev copulatory, yog li fertilization tshwm sim hauv poj niam. Qhov seem ntawm lawv cov txheej txheem kev loj hlob yog txawv heev nyob rau hauv txhua tsev neeg thiab txawm nyob rau hauv txhua hom.

Hom amphibians - Kev faib tawm, cov npe thiab cov piv txwv - Hom amphibians thiab lawv cov npe
Hom amphibians - Kev faib tawm, cov npe thiab cov piv txwv - Hom amphibians thiab lawv cov npe

Salamanders and newts (Urodela)

Qhov kev txiav txim Urodelos muaj txog 650 hom. Lawv yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev muaj tus Tsov tus tw thoob plaws hauv lawv lub neej, uas yog, larvae tsis poob lawv tus Tsov tus tw thaum metamorphosis. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv plaub ceg ntev zoo sib xws, yog li lawv txav los ntawm kev taug kev lossis nce toj. Raws li nyob rau hauv caecilians, fertilization ntawm lub qe tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tus poj niam los ntawm copulation.

Cov kev faib ib txwm ua rau salamanders thiab newts tsis muaj nuj nqis taxonomic. Txawm li cas los xij, salamanders feem ntau hu ua hom tsiaj uas muaj ib txoj hauv kev hauv av ntawm lub neej. Lawv feem ntau nyob hauv cov av noo thiab tsuas yog mus rau hauv dej kom rov tsim dua. Newts, lub sijhawm no, siv sijhawm ntau hauv dej.

Hom amphibians - Kev faib tawm, npe thiab piv txwv
Hom amphibians - Kev faib tawm, npe thiab piv txwv

Qab thiab Toads (Anura)

Lub npe "a-nuro" txhais tau tias "tsis muaj tail". Qhov no yog vim cov larvae ntawm cov amphibians, hu ua tadpoles, poob lub cev thaum lub sij hawm metamorphosis. Yog li ntawd, cov neeg laus qav thiab cov toads tsis muaj tails. Lwm tus yam ntxwv txawv yog tias nws hiab ob txhais ceg ntev dua li pem hauv ntejthiab lawv txav los dhia. Tsis zoo li lwm hom amphibians, fertilization ntawm lub qe tshwm sim sab nraum tus poj niam.

Raws li nyob rau hauv urodeles, qhov sib txawv ntawm Qav thiab toads tsis yog raws li cov noob caj noob ces thiab taxonomy, tab sis nyob rau tib neeg kev xaav. Robust anurans hu ua toads, uas feem ntau muaj cov cwj pwm hauv av, yog li lawv cov tawv nqaij qhuav thiab ntau warty. Qav, lub sijhawm no, yog cov tsiaj zoo nkauj zoo nkauj, txawj dhia dhia thiab qee zaum nce toj. Lawv lub neej feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog cov dej nyob ib puag ncig.

Hom amphibians - Kev faib tawm, npe thiab piv txwv
Hom amphibians - Kev faib tawm, npe thiab piv txwv

Piv txwv ntawm amphibians

Hauv seem no peb qhia koj qee yam piv txwv ntawm amphibians. Tshwj xeeb, peb tau xaiv qee yam ntawm cov hom xav paub. Ua li no, peb yuav nkag siab zoo txog cov yam ntxwv sib txawv uas tshwm sim hauv ntau hom amphibians.

  • Mexican caecilian los yog tapalcua (Dermophis mexicanus): cov caecilians no viviparous. Lawv cov embryos loj hlob hauv niam rau ob peb lub hlis. Nyob ntawd lawv pub cov kua mis sab hauv uas tsim los ntawm lawv niam.
  • Koh Tao Caecilian (Ichthyophis kohtaoensis): This is a Thai caecilian that lays its egg on land. Tsis zoo li amphibians feem ntau, leej niam tu lub qe kom txog thaum lawv loj tuaj.
  • Amphiumas (Amphiuma spp.): cov no yog peb hom ntawm elongated, cylindrical aquatic amphibians nrog vestigial ob txhais ceg. Hauv lawv, A. tridactylum muaj peb ntiv taw, A. txhais tau tias muaj ob thiab A. pholeter tsuas muaj ib qho. Txawm tias lawv cov tsos, lawv tsis yog caecilians, tab sis urodeles.
  • Proteus (Proteus anguinus): Cov urodele no tau yoog kom nyob hauv qhov tsaus ntuj ntawm qee lub qhov tsua European. Vim li no, cov neeg laus tsis muaj qhov muag, yog xim dawb lossis pinkish, thiab nyob hauv dej hauv lawv lub neej. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv tau elongated, muaj lub taub hau tiaj tus thiab ua pa los ntawm gills.
  • Gallipato (Pleurodeles w alt) : nws yog European urodel uas ncav cuag 30 centimeters ntev. Nrog nws sab yog ib kab ntawm cov txiv kab ntxwv me ntsis uas coincide nrog cov npoo ntawm nws tav. Thaum lawv xav tias raug hem, lawv ua rau lawv sawv, hem cov neeg tua tsiaj.
  • Hairy Qav (Trichobatrachus robustus): Txawm tias lawv zoo li cas los xij, furry frogs tsis muaj plaub hau, tab sis qhov txuas ntxiv ntawm daim tawv nqaij vascularized. Cov no ua rau kom cov pa pauv ntawm qhov chaw, kom lawv tuaj yeem ntes tau oxygen ntau dua.
  • Suriname Toad (Pipa pipa): This Amazonian toad is characterized by a enormously flattened body. Tus poj niam muaj ib hom web ntawm nws nraub qaum. Cov qe tog thiab ua raws li nws thaum lub sij hawm copulation. Los ntawm lawv, larvae tsis tuaj, tab sis me me toads.
  • Mount Nimba Toad (Nectophrynoides occidentalis): This is a viviparous African toad. Cov poj niam yug me nyuam uas zoo ib yam li ib tug neeg laus. Kev loj hlob ncaj qha yog ib lub tswv yim kev yug me nyuam uas tso cai rau lawv nyob ywj siab ntawm lub cev dej.

Kuriosities of amphibians

Tam sim no peb paub tag nrho cov hom amphibians, cia peb saib qee qhov nthuav dav uas tshwm sim hauv qee hom.

Nyob aposematism

Ntau tus amphibians muaj Lawv raug siv los qhia cov tsiaj txhu uas muaj peev xwm hais txog lawv cov tshuaj lom. Cov no txheeb xyuas cov xim khaus ntawm cov amphibians uas muaj kev phom sij, yog li lawv tsis noj lawv. Yog li, ob leeg zam kev chim siab.

Ib qho piv txwv xav paub heev yog qhov fire-bellied toads (Bombinatoridae). Cov Eurasian amphibians no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv lub plawv thiab lub plab liab, txiv kab ntxwv lossis daj. Thaum muaj kev ntxhov siab, lawv yuav tig los yog pom cov xim ntawm lawv ob txhais ceg hauv qab lub cev hu ua "unkenreflex." Ua li no, cov tsiaj nyeg saib cov xim thiab koom nrog kev phom sij.

paub zoo dua yog cov arrowhead Qav (Dendrobatidae), muaj tshuaj lom thiab tawm tsam anurans uas nyob hauv Neotropics. Koj tuaj yeem kawm txog ntau hom aposematic hauv kab lus no ntawm Tsiaj Aposematism, suav nrog lwm hom amphibians.

Pedomorphosis

Qee urodeles tam sim no paedomorphosis, uas yog, lawv tuav lawv cov menyuam yaus yam ntxwv thaum lawv laus. Nws tshwm sim thaum lub cev kev loj hlob qeeb, yog li kev loj hlob ntawm kev sib deev tshwm sim thaum tus tsiaj tseem muaj cov tsos mob ntawm tus menyuam mos. Cov txheej txheem no yog hu ua neoteny thiab nws yog qhov tshwm sim hauv Mev salamander (Ambystoma mexicanum) thiab hauv proteus (Proteus anguinus).

Pedamorphosis kuj yog vim acceleration ntawm kev sib deev maturity Ua li no, tus tsiaj kis tau lub peev xwm los yug me nyuam thaum nws tseem muaj ib tug. larval tsos. Nws yog txheej txheem hu ua progenesis thiab tshwm sim nyob rau hauv hom ntawm genus Necturus, endemic rau North America. Zoo li axolotl, cov urodeles khaws lawv cov gills thiab nyob mus ib txhis hauv dej.

Qee 3,200 amphibian hom muaj kev txaus ntshai ntawm kev ploj tuag, uas yog, yuav luag ib nrab Tsis tas li ntawd, nws ntseeg tias ntau dua 1,000 Endangered hom tseem tsis tau pom dua vim lawv qhov tsawg. Ib qho kev hem thawj rau amphibians yog chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis), uas tau ua rau ntau pua hom tuag lawm.

Kev nthuav tawm sai ntawm cov kab mob no yog vim tib neeg ua, xws li kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb, kev lag luam tsiaj thiab kev tsis lees paub ntawm cov tsiaj. Ntxiv nrog rau cov kab mob vectors, kab txawv amphibians sai sai ua kab mob. Lawv feem ntau voracious dua li haiv neeg, tshem tawm ntawm lawv cov ecosystems. Qhov no yog cov neeg African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) thiab American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus).

. Nws yog vim ob qho tib si rau kev hloov pauv huab cua thiab kev puas tsuaj ncaj qha ntawm cov dej nyob hauv dej thiab deforestation.

Pom zoo: