Ob leeg yoov thiab zuam yog cov kab mob sab nraud uas muaj nyob hauv phylum Arthropoda. Ob leeg yog hematophagous arthropods muaj peev xwm ntawm parasitizing ntau hom tsiaj, nrog rau cov noog, tsiaj txhu thiab tsiaj reptiles. Lawv qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob parasitic nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tias lawv tsis yog tsuas yog muaj peev xwm tsim cov kab mob ntawm lawv tus kheej xwb, tab sis lawv kuj tuaj yeem ua raws li cov kab mob thiab cov pas dej ntawm ntau yam kab mob.
Yog koj xav paub lub ntsiab dab ntxwg nyoog thiab zuam, mus nyeem tsab xov xwm no ntawm peb qhov chaw uas peb piav qhia txog lawv cov yam ntxwv thiab qhov tseem ceeb uas lawv muaj raws li cov kab mob ntawm peb cov tsiaj nyeg.
cov yam ntxwv ntawm yoov tshaj cum
Raws li peb tau hais, ob qho tib si hma thiab zuam yog nyob rau hauv phylum Arthropoda. Qhov tseeb tias ob leeg yog arthropods txhais tau hais tias lawv muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo sib xws:
- Lawv muaj ib tug chitinous exoskeleton: nruj hauv qee qhov chaw thiab elastic hauv lwm tus.
- Lawv muaj jointed appendages: ib co ntawm cov uas muaj lub cev tshwj xeeb thiab lwm yam qauv.
- Lawv loj hlob los ntawm molting los yog ecdysis: uas implies lub sij hawm detachment ntawm cuticle thiaj li loj hlob.
Nkauj thiab zuam coj tus kab mob cab, vim lawv xav tau noj thiab tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej. Yog li, lawv tau pib nyob hauv cov tsiaj txhu siab dua (noog, tsiaj txhu thiab tsiaj reptiles) thiab tau los ua hematophagous ectoparasites Yuav kom hloov mus rau cov kab mob cab, lawv yuav tsum tsim cov kab mob sib txuas uas yuav tso cai rau lawv. kom nyob twj ywm ntawm cov tswv thiab pub rau lawv cov ntshav. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm fleas, lawv tsim lacinia, maxillae uas tso cai rau lawv mus tho lub integuments ntawm lawv hosts. Ticks tau tsim lub hypostome, lub qhov ncauj zoo li lub qhov ncauj nrog rov qab-ntsig hooks, uas tiv thaiv lawv kom tsis txhob raug tshem tawm ntawm daim tawv nqaij ntawm lawv cov tswv.
Ob hom kab mob ectoparasites ua cov kab mob raws caij nyoog Cov yoov tshaj cum yuav muaj ntau dua nyob rau thaj chaw uas muaj av noo thiab qhov nruab nrab kub. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm zuam, lawv cov pejxeem nce nyob rau hauv lub sov lub hlis (caij nplooj ntoos hlav thiab lub caij ntuj sov) thiab pib poob rau lub caij nplooj zeeg.
Yog koj xav paub ntau ntxiv txog cov tsiaj arthropod, tsis txhob yig mus saib ntawm kab lus no uas peb pom zoo.
Dab tsi nyob rau hauv morphology ntawm dev mub thiab zuam
. Raws li nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kab, nws lub cev
muab faib ua peb ntu : taub hau, thorax thiab plab. Los ntawm cov ntu no, ib qho ntawm .
- Cov kav hlau txais xov thiab lub qhov ncauj tawm ntawm lub taub hau: ntawm kev pabcuam zaub mov.
- Peb ob txhais ceg tawm ntawm lub thorax: lub thib peb khub yog tsim heev, uas ua rau lawv muaj peev xwm dhia mus txog 30 cm.
- Appendages tawm ntawm lub plab ntawm qhov kev pab cuam ntawm kev yug me nyuam: copulatory kab mob nyob rau hauv cov txiv neej thiab ovipositor kab mob nyob rau hauv cov poj niam.
Txawm hais tias fleas yog kab, lawv tsis muaj tis (lawv tsis muaj tis), vim lawv poob lawv thaum lawv evolution.
Ticks
Ticks, tseem hu ua zuam, are me arachnids. Cov neeg laus muaj lawv lub cev muab faib ua ob ntu: gnathosoma thiab idiosoma.
- gnathosoma yog lub qhov ncauj apparatus: nws muaj ib tug series ntawm appendages (chelicerae thiab palps) yuav tsum tau pub.
- idiosoma: tsim cov seem ntawm lub cev, muaj cov locomotory appendages (4 khub ob txhais ceg) thiab cov me nyuam appendages (copulatory tubercles los yog suckers nyob rau hauv cov txiv neej thiab lub cev ntawm Gené nyob rau hauv cov poj niam).
Txoj kev sib txawv ntawm lub voj voog ntawm cov yoov thiab zuam
Lwm qhov sib txawv ntawm hma thiab zuam uas peb yuav tsum tau saib xyuas yog lub voj voog lom neeg. Fleas yog holometabolous kab, uas txhais tau hais tias lawv ua tiav metamorphosis Lawv cov kab mob lom mus dhau cov theem ntawm qe, larva, pupa thiab neeg laus Cov poj niam laus tso lawv cov qe rau ntawm tus tsiaj cab, uas poob rau hauv av tom qab ob peb teev. Los ntawm cov qe hatch cov larvae, uas hloov mus rau hauv pupae. Thaum kawg, lawv hloov mus ua cov neeg laus uas ua rau tus tswv tshiab. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias tsuas yog cov neeg laus fleas yog hematophagous thiab parasitic.
Nyob rau hauv cov zuam, lawv cov kab mob lom mus dhau theem qe, larva, nymph thiab neeg laus Cov poj niam gravid lays qe nyob rau hauv cov av, los ntawm uas ib tug larva emerges uas mus txog rau tus tswv. Nyob ntawm lub genus ntawm tus zuam, cov theem sib txawv tuaj yeem tsim nyob rau hauv tib lub tswv tsev los yog sib txawv hosts, uas nyob rau hauv lem yuav los yog tej zaum yuav tsis yog tib hom.. Txawm hais tias muaj pes tsawg tus tswv koom nrog hauv lub voj voog lom neeg, cov neeg laus thaum kawg yuav tsim thiab, tom qab fertilization, cov poj niam yuav poob rau hauv av rau oviposit, yog li kaw lub voj voog. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm zuam, tag nrho cov evolutionary theem yuav parasites.
Yog tias koj xav paub ntau ntxiv txog zuam, koj tuaj yeem nrhiav seb Tick Lives Ntev npaum li cas hauv tsab xov xwm no ntawm peb lub xaib.
Txoj kev sib txawv ntawm cov dev mub thiab zuam
fleas are parasites , uas txhais tau tias tib hom dev mub tuaj yeem ua rau cov tsiaj sib txawv thaum nws ib txwm ua tsis tau. muaj. Lub ntsiab hom ntawm fleas uas parasitize peb cov tsiaj yog Ctenocephalides felis, Ctenocephalides canis, Pulex irritans thiab Echidnophaga gallinacea.
Tsis zoo li dev mub, nyob rau hauv zuam tus tswv tshwj xeeb kuj qis, txawm tias me ntsis siab dua cov dev. Tom ntej no, peb qhia txog cov tsev neeg tseem ceeb thiab cov kab ntawm cov zuam uas ua rau peb cov tsiaj hauv tsev:
- Hmoob Ixodidae: lawv hu ua cov zuam tawv vim lawv muaj daim thaiv dorsal uas npog tag nrho lawv nraub qaum ntawm cov txiv neej thiab poj niam tsuas yog ib feem.. Cov genera Ixodes, Rhipicephalus, Hyalomma, Dermacentor thiab Haemaphysalis sawv tawm, paub tias yog vectors ntawm piroplasmosis (babesiosis thiab theileriosis). Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv txog equine Piroplasmosis.
- Tsev neeg Argasidae: lawv hu ua mos mos vim lawv tsis muaj ntaub thaiv npog dorsal. Cov genera tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog Ornithodoros genus (parasitizing mammals; hauv npua nws yog qhov tseem ceeb vim nws kis tau African Swine Fever) thiab Argas genus (cov noog parasitizing).
- Genus Dermannysus: nws yog ib tug kab mob cab, txawm tias thaum tsis muaj noog nws tuaj yeem ua rau tus txiv neej. Lawv muaj cov xim liab thaum lawv pub ntshav.
- Genus Varroa: parasitizes bees, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov muv larvae pom nyob rau hauv cov brood cell.
Txoj kev sib txawv ntawm kev kho cov dev mub thiab zuam
In case of flea infestation, kho ob qho tib si ib puag ncig thiab tsiaj:
- Environment: Yog tias peb xav tias peb muaj dev mub hauv peb lub tsev, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum ua kom sai thiab ua tau zoo. Peb yuav tsum nqus tag nrho cov ces kaum ntawm lub tsev (cov ntaub pua plag, ntaub pua plag, upholstery, thiab lwm yam) thiab ntxuav tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv textile (khaub ncaws, ntawv, thiab lwm yam) ntawm qhov kub siab (60 ºC). Tom qab ntawd, kev kho mob yuav tsum tau siv cov tshuaj tua kab, aerosols, foggers lossis mechanical sprayers. Koj tuaj yeem nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv hauv lwm qhov tshaj tawm no Yuav ua li cas tshem tawm cov dev mub hauv tsev?
- Tsiaj: Tsiaj txhu yuav tsum tau kho nrog tus neeg laus thiab IGR (Insect Growth Regulator). Cov tshuaj tua neeg laus yuav ua rau cov neeg laus muaj kab mob, thaum IGR yuav inhibit qhov kev loj hlob ntawm cov flea's chitin, rhuav lub voj voog thiab tiv thaiv kev loj hlob.
tick infestation, kev kho mob tej zaum yuav raug siv los siv cov tswv yim sib txawv:
- Tshuaj tswj: siv tshuaj acaricide. Muaj cov khoom xyaw sib txawv uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov zuam (pyrethrins, phenylpyrazoles, macrocyclic lactones thiab isoxazolines) thiab ntau hom kev siv (pipettes, dab tshos, da dej, ncuav-on, thiab lwm yam). Cov khoom xyaw nquag thiab hom kev tswj hwm yuav raug xaiv raws li hom tsiaj. Yog hais tias koj xav paub yuav ua li cas muab ib tug pipette rau ib tug dev, tsis txhob yig mus xyuas cov lus no.
- Biological control: muaj kev siv cov kab mob, fungi thiab nematodes, vim lawv yog cov yeeb ncuab ntawm zuam. Lawv muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tiv thaiv qe, larvae thiab cov neeg laus, txawm hais tias ntau tus tseem nyob rau theem sim.
- Vacunas: Txawm hais tias feem ntau yog nyob rau theem kev sim, twb muaj qee cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los kho cov zuam kab mob, xws li ib qho rau Boophilus. microplus hauv nyuj. Cov kab kev tshawb fawb no tseem ceeb heev, vim yav tom ntej lawv yuav dhau los ua lwm txoj hauv kev rau kev tswj zuam.
NOJ ZAUB NTXIV Koj xav kom koj nyeem lwm tus ncej ntawm peb tus xaib ntawm peb lub tsev ntawm yuav ua li cas tshem cov zuam hauv tsev?
Yuav ua li cas qhia ib tug yoov los ntawm ib tug zuam?
Yog tias koj pom cov kab mob sab nraud hauv koj tus tsiaj cov plaub hau, tab sis koj tsis paub tias yog dev los yog zuam, ua tib zoo mloog cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no, vim peb coj koj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov dev mub. thiab zuam.
- Mus saib lawv cov morphology: vim muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm ob hom kab mob cab. Fleas muaj lub cev flattened tom qab thiab peb ob txhais ceg, vim lawv yog kab. Hauv qhov sib piv, cov zuam muaj lub cev flattened ventrally thiab muaj plaub khub ob txhais ceg, vim lawv yog arachnids.
- Pay care size: Fleas are 1.5-3mm in length. Cov zuam ua ntej pub mis feem ntau yog ntev li 3 hli, tab sis tom qab pub mis tuaj yeem ncav cuag 1 cm.
- Ceeb toom yog lawv dhia los tsis:fleas muaj peev xwm dhia tau zoo heev, ib yam dab tsi uas zuam tsis muaj peev xwm ua. Yog li yog tias koj pom cov kab mob me me dhia los ntawm koj tus tsiaj cov plaub, tej zaum lawv yuav muaj kab mob dev vwm. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, yog tias koj pom cov kab mob cab uas tseem txuas nrog koj tus tsiaj daim tawv nqaij, nws yuav yog zuam.
- Tau mus rau lawv cov evolutionary theem: nyob rau hauv fleas, tsuas yog cov neeg laus cov kab mob parasites, thaum nyob rau hauv zuam txhua theem evolutionary yuav ua tau ib tug cab. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm zuam kab koj yuav nrhiav tau los ntawm larvae thiab nymphs mus rau cov neeg laus.
- Saib ntawm tus tsiaj daim tawv nqaij: Txawm hais tias peb tsis pom cov kab mob hauv peb cov tsiaj plaub hau, peb tuaj yeem xav tias nws muaj cov kab mob. flea infestation thaum peb pom cov poob rau ntawm koj daim tawv nqaij. Ua li no, peb tsuas yog yuav tsum moisten lub paj rwb pob nrog dej thiab hla nws hla tus tsiaj cov plaub hau. Ua li no cov ntshav digested yuav nyob txuas nrog paj rwb.
Tseem ceeb ntawm yoov thiab zuam hauv tsiaj
fleas thiab ticks yog cov kab mob ectoparasites uas tseem ceeb heev rau cov tsiaj nyeg thiab tsiaj qus, txij li:
- Lawv tsim cov kab mob ncaj qha: lawv cov tom ua rau cov kab mob thawj zaug xws li wheals lossis microabscesses, uas tuaj yeem siv los ntawm yoov mus pw. qe thiab ua rau myiasis (kab mob los ntawm yoov larvae). Lawv kuj tuaj yeem ua rau cov kab mob thib ob xws li alopecia, erythema, seborrhea, thiab pyoderma. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntev hyperkeratosis, lichenification thiab hyperpigmentation ntawm daim tawv nqaij tuaj yeem tshwm sim. Tsis tas li ntawd, ua hematophagous, lawv tuaj yeem tsim cov ntshav tsis txaus thaum cov tsiaj muaj kab mob hnyav heev.
- Lawv tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev fab tshuaj, ib yam li cov kab mob Allergic Dermatitis to Flea Bite (DAPP) uas cuam tshuam rau dev thiab miv. Lawv tsim cov duab khaus khaus heev vim lawv tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis haum tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv cov fleas qaub ncaug. Hauv miv, dev mub tom kuj tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev tsis haum tshuaj hu ua eosinophilic granuloma.
- Lawv tuaj yeem ua cov kab mob ntawm cov kab mob, kab mob thiab kab mob: Ua hematophagous arthropods, lawv muaj peev xwm kis tau cov kab mob ntawm ib tug tsiaj mus rau Lwm qhov yog vim lawv cov ntshav. Cov zuam tuaj yeem kis cov kab mob xws li Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, Rickettsia, Borrelia, flavivirus lossis Babesia. Fleas tuaj yeem kis cov kab mob xws li Bartonella, Rickettsia, poxviruses, Dipylidium, thiab Acanthocheilonema. Nyob rau hauv lawv lub luag hauj lwm raws li vectors, lawv kuj kis tau ib co tseem ceeb heev tib neeg kab mob xws li Lyme kab mob, ehrlichiosis, babesiosis los yog tularemia.
- Lawv tuaj yeem yog cov chaw cia khoom: lawv yog cov kab mob kis rau qee yam kab mob, xws li zuam nrog Babesia thiab Theileria.
