Yuav Qhia Li Cas Rau Pomeranian? - Ua kom tiav daim ntawv qhia

Cov txheej txheem:

Yuav Qhia Li Cas Rau Pomeranian? - Ua kom tiav daim ntawv qhia
Yuav Qhia Li Cas Rau Pomeranian? - Ua kom tiav daim ntawv qhia
Anonim
Yuav Qhia Li Cas Pomeranian? fetchpriority=siab
Yuav Qhia Li Cas Pomeranian? fetchpriority=siab

Tus Pomeranian yog ib qho ntawm cov neeg nyiam tshaj plaws spitz-type dogs nyob hauv ntiaj teb, tej zaum ua tsaug rau nws txoj kev zoo nkauj thiab tus phooj ywg zoo. Txawm hais tias lawv kuj sawv cev rau lawv txoj kev coj ua, cov dev no xav kom lawv cov neeg saib xyuas muab kev kawm zoo rau lawv thiab qhia lawv cov lus txib ntawm kev mloog lus.

Peb yuav tsum paub tias kev kawm thiab kev cob qhia yog yam uas yuav tso cai rau Pomeranian nyob sib haum xeeb, hwm txoj cai hauv tsev thiab zam qee yam teeb meem coj cwj pwm Feem ntau rau cov yug me nyuam, xws li kev sib cais kev ntxhov siab lossis kev coj cwj pwm, los yog hu ua "kev pab tiv thaiv."

Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no peb tau npaj ib daim ntawv qhia ua tiav rau koj kom paub qhia txog Pomeranian kom raug Peb yuav piav qhia qee yam ntawm "kev zais" ntawm cov tsiaj, qee cov lus qhia yooj yim thiab txhua yam koj xav tau los qhia nws. Mus nyeem ntawv!

paub koj tus dev ua ntej cob qhia nws

Txawm tias peb tuaj yeem tham txog qee cov lus qhia thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev cob qhia dev, peb yuav tsum nkag siab tias txhua tus dev yog unique and singular Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm kev kawm, txhua tus tsiaj yuav xav tau nws tus kheej lub sij hawm thiab yuav tsum muaj kev mob siab rau thiab kev paub ntawm nws tus kws qhia kom nqus tau thiab raug tsim dua cov lus txib, kev ua haujlwm lossis kev ua kom yuam kev. Vim li no, kev paub koj tus dev yog thawj kauj ruam tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev muab nws txoj kev kawm zoo.

Pomeranian yog cov tswv cuab tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm tsev neeg spitz, uas sawv tawm rau nws lub tsho zoo nkauj, silky thiab voluminous, uas yuav tsum tau saib xyuas tshwj xeeb kom nws zoo nkauj thiab noj qab haus huv. Txawm hais tias nws cov poj koob yawm txwv muaj keeb kwm tau raug cob qhia ua dev dev, qhov khoom ua si-hom dev no tau raug muab coj los ua qhov tseeb "pawg dev". Lawv yog Lawv tuaj yeem dhau los ua tus dev pampered heev thaum tsis tau kawm kom raug.

Lawv raug lees paub rau lawv kev txawj ntse zoo thiab yooj yim ntawm kev kawm, yam ntxwv uas pab txhawb lawv txoj kev kawm. Lawv kuj yog cov dev nquag uas yuav tsum tau tawm dag zog thiab txhawb lawv lub siab kom muaj tus cwj pwm sib luag thiab tiv thaiv kev coj cwj pwm.

Thov nthuav tawm "Pomeranian secrets" thiab tuaj yeem nkag siab zoo rau koj tus phooj ywg zoo tshaj plaws, peb qhia koj los tshuaj xyuas me ntsis ntawm cov lus canine. Hauv peb qhov chaw, piv txwv li, peb muaj cov lus qhia ua tiav ntawm kev txhais cov dev postures thiab lawv lub ntsiab lus. Nrog rau cov lus qhia no, koj yuav tuaj yeem txhim kho koj txoj kev sib txuas lus nrog koj tus phooj ywg furry thiab koj yuav xav tau ntau dua los pib qhia nws.

Yuav Qhia Li Cas Pomeranian? - Paub koj tus dev ua ntej qhia nws
Yuav Qhia Li Cas Pomeranian? - Paub koj tus dev ua ntej qhia nws

Npaj koj tus kheej ua ntej koj pib cob qhia koj Pomeranian

Ua ntej pib qhia koj cov plaub hau, koj yuav tsum pib xyaum dev kom paub txog nws cov lus qhia, cov hau kev thiab cov hauv paus ntsiab lus. Tsis tas li ntawd, txhawm rau pab txhawb kev kawm ntawm koj tus phooj ywg zoo tshaj plaws thiab ua kom zoo rau koj lub sijhawm, peb xav kom koj paub "5 yam kev qhia uas txhua tus tswv yuav tsum paub".

Tom qab qhia koj txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev kawm canine, nws yuav yog qhov tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau muab koj tus kheej cov khoom siv cob qhia ua ke nrog cov khoom hauv qab no:

  • Collar/Harness
  • Txoj siv txoj hlua
  • Long pluaj
  • Belly Bag
  • Prices or snacks
  • Toys
  • Clicker (yeem)

Hauv kev xav, tus clicker tsis yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev cob qhia dev. Txawm li cas los xij, nws txoj kev siv tau zoo heev pab txhawb kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus kws qhia thiab, hauv koj cov ntaub ntawv, nws yuav yog ib tus phooj ywg zoo thaum kev cob qhia nrog koj tus dev. Yog tias koj xav kawm paub siv nws kom raug, peb caw koj nyeem peb tsab xov xwm "Clicker rau dev - txhua yam koj yuav tsum paub txog nws".

Koj Pomeranian txoj kev kawm yuav tsum tsim nyog rau koj lub hnub nyoog

Txoj kev kawm, lub cev thiab lub siab lub ntsws ntawm txhua tus dev yuav tsum tau yoog raws li lawv hnub nyoog, lub xeev ntawm kev noj qab haus huv thiab lub cev complexion Koj ua tau' t Pib cob qhia koj tus menyuam dev Pomeranian los ntawm kev nthuav qhia nws nrog cov haujlwm nyuaj lossis cov lus txib, vim qhov no yuav ua rau nws tsis meej pem, tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab thiab yuav tsis cia nws mob siab rau kev kawm ntxiv.

Ib yam li cov me nyuam, cov menyuam dev yuav tsum kawm progressively, uas yog, lawv yuav tsum pib los ntawm assimilating cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab cov lus txib, uas yuav dhau los ua. nyob rau hauv tus ncej ntawm lawv txoj kev kawm. Me ntsis los ntawm me ntsis, raws li koj tus menyuam dev Pomeranian assimilates lub cov cai hauv tsev thiab suav nrog thawj cov lus txib ntawm kev mloog lus, koj yuav muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj kev nyuaj ntawm cov haujlwm uas koj hais.

Txhua theem ntawm koj Pomeranian txoj kev kawm, nco ntsoov siv qhov kev txhawb nqa zoo los txhawb nws txoj kev kawm, yog li muab nqi zog rau nws txoj kev siv zog thiab ua tiav. Kev kawm zoo tsis lees txais txhua yam kev tsim txom lub cev lossis kev xav, xws li kev rau txim lossis kev thuam, hauv cov txheej txheem kev kawm ntawm dev.

Tshwj tsis yog rau txim rau tus cwj pwm tsis zoo, kev txhawb zog zoo lees paub thiab txhawb nqa kev sib koom ua ke ntawm tus cwj pwm tsim nyog lossis xav tau, txhawb kev txawj ntse, kev xav thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm txhua furry. Nws tseem cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau daim ntawv cog lus nrog tus kws qhia.

Yuav Qhia Li Cas Pomeranian? - Kev kawm ntawm koj tus Pomeranian yuav tsum tau yoog raws li koj lub hnub nyoog
Yuav Qhia Li Cas Pomeranian? - Kev kawm ntawm koj tus Pomeranian yuav tsum tau yoog raws li koj lub hnub nyoog

Yuav ua li cas cob qhia tus menyuam dev Pomeranian?

Lub hnub nyoog zoo los pib cob qhia Pomeranian yog los ntawm peb hlis hnub nyoog, thaum tus menyuam dev tag nrho weaned thiab npaj pib kawm yooj yim ce. Thaum txiav txim siab txais tus menyuam dev, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum tau ua kom lub sij hawm luv luv yog qhov kev hwm, uas yog, kom tus menyuam dev tsis ntxov ntxov los ntawm nws niam thiab cov kwv tij.

Thaum qhov kev sib cais no tshwm sim ntxov, tus dev yuav tshwm sim teeb meem kev sib raug zoo thiab kev kawm nyuaj, ntxiv rau qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tsis muaj zog tiv thaiv kab mob. system tag nrho, ua rau koj tshwj xeeb tshaj yog yooj yim rau cov kab mob feem ntau ntawm cov dev.

Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias cov menyuam dev yug hauv koj lub tsev, lawv txoj kev kawm tuaj yeem pib txij thaum yug los, ib txwm saib xyuas cov kev txwv thiab kev xav tau ntawm lawv lub cev. Raws li txoj cai, koj tsis tuaj yeem pib cob qhia tus menyuam dev yug tshiab, vim nws lub cev thiab lub siab tseem tsis tau npaj kom tau txais kev txiav txim ntawm qhov nyuaj no. Tab sis koj muaj peev xwm qhia lawv kom paub lawv tus kheej lub npe thiab qhia lawv cov kev cai ntawm lub tsev nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub.

Piv txwv li, koj qhia tau rau lawv tias lawv tsis pub pw saum txaj, nce saum lub rooj zaum, lossis tig lub thoob khib nyiab, ua rau lawv nqis los txhawb lawv kom nqis thiab nqis. pem teb. Lub hom phiaj yog qhov tseem ceeb rau tsis txhawb nyob rau hauv tus menyuam dev cov cwj pwm uas koj tsis xav pom hauv tus dev laus. Nco ntsoov tias kev coj tus cwj pwm tsis zoo hauv cov theem pib no yuav tsum tau kho thaum muaj hnub nyoog laus, uas nyuaj dua li tiv thaiv nws.

Ntawm qhov tod tes, yog tias koj xav pib txhawb koj lub cev Pomeranian lub cev thiab kev txawj ntse kom muaj kev nyab xeeb hauv thawj lub lim tiam ntawm lub neej, peb caw koj nyeem peb tsab xov xwm ntawm kev tawm dag zog thaum ntxov rau menyuam dev.

Hais txog lub cev ua si ntawm cov menyuam dev, nco ntsoov tias kev tawm dag zog yuav tsum muaj kev cuam tshuam tsawg, ib txwm muaj kev lom zem ua yeeb yam. Kev ua si yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev txhawb nqa lub cev thiab lub hlwb ntawm cov menyuam dev, ua yeeb yam ua si uas ua rau lawv xav paub thiab caw lawv los tsim lawv txoj kev xav thiab kev txawj ntse.

Qhia kev kawm ntawm tus menyuam dev Pomeranian

Pab pab koj Train a Pomeranian puppy, hauv qab no peb qhia koj txog theem twg lawv txoj kev kawm yuav tsum muab faib los ntawm 3 mus rau 12 lub hlis., thaum twg los twb xam tau tias yog ib tug dev laus.

  • Txij 3 mus rau 6 lub hlis: txij li 3 lub hlis, peb tuaj yeem pib qhia tus menyuam dev txog cov lus txib ntawm canine obedience, xws li: zaum, sawv, nyob twj ywm, tuaj, pw, taug kev ntawm koj thiab tsis rub txoj hlua. Nyob rau theem no, lub hom phiaj yog nthuav tawm tsuas yog cov lus txib yooj yim thiab kev sib koom ua ke, uas tsis tas yuav tsum tau ua tiav ntau txoj haujlwm kom ua tiav. Yog tias peb nthuav tawm qhov nyuaj ntawm kev tawm dag zog, peb yuav ua rau tus menyuam dev tsis meej pem thiab ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab, uas yuav ua rau nws txoj kev kawm. Thaum lub hnub nyoog no, koj tus Pomeranian tseem yuav npaj txhij los kawm los daws nws tus kheej ntawm txoj kev thiab pib nws txoj kev sib raug zoo, yog li koj yuav tsum qhia nws rau lwm tus dev, tsiaj txhu, tib neeg thiab ib puag ncig. Nco ntsoov tias kev sib raug zoo yuav yog qhov tseem ceeb rau koj tus Pomeranian kom muaj peev xwm sib raug zoo nrog stimuli, cov tib neeg thiab cov khoom hauv nws ib puag ncig, yog li tiv thaiv teeb meem kev coj cwj pwm.
  • 6 mus rau 12 lub hlis: Tom qab koj tus menyuam kawm tau cov lus txib yooj yim no, koj tuaj yeem suav cov lus txib tshiab los txhawb nws txoj kev kawm. Hauv theem ob no, peb qhia koj kom qhia nws kom nqa lub pob thiab tso khoom. Koj tuaj yeem ntxiv dag zog thiab kev ua ub no uas koj nyiam thiab qhov zoo nkauj rau koj cov plaub hau, xws li "muab paw". Raws li txoj cai, nco ntsoov saib xyuas koj tus phooj ywg zoo tshaj lub sijhawm, thiab tsis txhob yuam nws kom xyaum ua kis las lossis qoj ib ce uas tsis xis nyob rau nws.
Yuav Qhia Li Cas Pomeranian? - Cov theem ntawm kev kawm ntawm tus menyuam dev Pomeranian
Yuav Qhia Li Cas Pomeranian? - Cov theem ntawm kev kawm ntawm tus menyuam dev Pomeranian

Training ib tug neeg laus Pomeranian

Thaum koj Pomeranian tau muab cov lus txib los ntawm theem pib ntawm kev cob qhia dev, koj tuaj yeem txaus siab thiab ua rau koj tus kheej xav tsis thoob nrog kev txawj ntse ntawm koj tus dev, thov kev cob qhia siab heev. Hauv qhov kev nkag siab no, peb qhia koj kom kawm txog kev tshawb nrhiav lossis kev cog qoob loo, ua haujlwm zoo los pib txhawb kev nkag siab thiab kev txawj ntse ntawm koj Pomeranian. Tom qab ntawd koj tuaj yeem qhia nws cov txuj ci siab dua thiab dog txawj, zoo li ua si tuag, nqa khoom, mus rau qhov chaw tshwj xeeb…

Ntawm qhov tod tes, koj tuaj yeem ua si kev txawj ntse hauv tsev nrog koj tus Pomeranian, coj nws mus rau qhov chaw tshiab, mus ncig hauv nws lub tuam txhab, thiab qhia nws ntau yam kev lom zem ua kom zoo dua qhov tseeb tias koj cov plaub hau yog qhov ntse heev thiab Nws nyiam sib koom sijhawm nrog koj. Tag nrho cov no yuav pab ntxiv rau koj txoj kev kawm theem pib thiab yuav pab txhawb kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev phooj ywg ntawm koj.

Yog koj xav tias koj tsis muaj sij hawm los tsis muaj kev paub txaus los qhia koj tus Pomeranian hauv tsev, nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws mus rau qhov chaw dog training centerkom muaj kev taw qhia ntawm tus kws tshaj lij hauv kev cob qhia qib siab. Ib yam li ntawd, hauv YouTube koj yuav pom ntau cov lus qhia uas yuav piav qhia yuav ua li cas ua qee yam kev tawm dag zog.

Yuav ua li cas rau siab rau Pomeranian?

Ib cov lus nug ntau zaus los ntawm cov neeg saib xyuas hauv kev cob qhia lawv tus dev yog yuav ua li cas kom txo tau tus Pomeranian, vim cov plaub hau no tuaj yeem ua tau tiag tiag xov xwm los yog hyperactive, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum lawv yog menyuam dev thiab cov menyuam yaus.

Ua ntej tshaj plaws, koj yuav tsum paub tias kev ua kom lub cev thiab kev xav ntawm lub hlwb yog qhov tseem ceeb rau txhua tus dev kom tswj tau tus cwj pwm zoo thiab ua kom zoo. Yog tias koj Pom tsis tau txais kev tawm dag zog txaus thiab tsis muaj qhov chaw zoo hauv tsev uas nws tuaj yeem lom zem rau nws tus kheej thiab txhawb nqa nws lub peev xwm kev txawj ntse, nws yuav qhia tau tias cov tsos mob ntxhov siab thiab tsim teeb meem kev coj cwj pwm, xws li kev puas tsuaj thiab kev ntxhov siab rau kev sib cais. Ntawm peb lub xaib, peb qhia koj txhua yam koj xav paub txog kev txhawb nqa ib puag ncig rau dev.

Ntxiv mus, koj yuav tsum xav tias Pomeranian tsis yog ib tug dev uas nyiam los yog hloov tau zoo rau kev nyob ib leeg. Qhov tseeb tiag, cov dev no feem ntau xav tau kev saib xyuas los ntawm lawv cov neeg saib xyuas, yog li koj yuav tsum tau teem sijhawm tshwj xeeb rau koj tus phooj ywg zoo tshaj plaws txhua hnub. Ib tug Pomeranian uas siv sijhawm ntau teev ib leeg thiab tsis tau txais kev saib xyuas nws xav tau, kuj tseem yuav muaj teeb meem coj tus cwj pwm uas yuav cuam tshuam rau kev nyob nrog nws tsev neeg.

Ntawm qhov tod tes, kuj nco ntsoov tias koj yuav tsum tsis txhob ntxiv dag zog rau koj tus dev ntxhov siab los yog tus cwj pwm tsis zoo los ntawm kev muab zaub mov lossis lwm yam khoom plig. kom nws nres nrog tus cwj pwm no. Piv txwv li, yog tias koj muab kev kho mob kom sov koj tus dev thiab tsis txhob barking, muaj feem ntau koj tus dev yuav pib coj tus cwj pwm tsis zoo thiab hais lus tsis txaus ntseeg txhua zaus nws xav kom koj mloog lossis tau txais yam nws xav tau.

Ntawm qhov tod tes, koj yuav tsum txhawb nqa tus cwj pwm zoo, xws li mus rau lawv qhov chaw so, ua siab ntev thaum muab zaub mov, thiab lwm yam. Koj tseem tuaj yeem txhawb nqa tus cwj pwm no los ntawm kev ua raws li cov lus txib, hais kom nws zaum lossis pw thaum nws ntshai heev.

Tab sis yog tias koj tus dev ib txwm ntshai lossis ntxhov siab, txawm tias nws tawm dag zog kom zoo thiab muaj lub sijhawm zoo, peb qhia koj kom coj nws mus rau kws kho tsiaj, vim tias hyperactivity tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kab mob. Tus kws tshaj lij kuj tseem yuav ntsuas yog tias nws tsim nyog los tswj cov tshuaj tranquilizer, lossis yog tias nws tsim nyog siv pheromones rau kev ntxhov siab lossis tshuaj tua kab mob, xws li valerian lossis bach paj, los pab kom koj lub siab pom Pomeranian.

Yuav Qhia Li Cas Pomeranian? - Yuav ua li cas calm down ib Pomeranian?
Yuav Qhia Li Cas Pomeranian? - Yuav ua li cas calm down ib Pomeranian?

Socialization yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev kawm ntawm Pomeranian

Kev sib raug zoo yuav yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm koj txoj kev kawm Pomeranian. Thaum lub sijhawm kev sib raug zoo, koj tus dev yuav tuaj yeem kawm paub txog kev sib raug zoo nrog tib neeg, nrog rau lwm tus dev thiab tsiaj txhu, nrog lawv cov khoom ua si thiab lwm yam stimuli hauv lawv ib puag ncig. Qhov no yuav muab sijhawm rau koj kom muaj kev noj qab haus huv hauv lub neej, nrog rau kev tiv thaiv coj teeb meem, ntshai thiab phobias

Lub sijhawm zoo los pib sib tham nrog koj tus Pomeranian yog thaum nws tseem yog menyuam dev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum nws pib thaum ntxov (nruab nrab ntawm lub lim tiam thib peb thiab peb lub hlis ntawm lub neej). Thaum lub sij hawm no, cov dev tsim lawv cov kev xav ntawm kev sib raug zoo nrog lwm tus neeg, ntxiv rau kev qhia tus cwj pwm hloov tau yooj yim, uas nyiam kev kawm. Tom qab ua tiav nws thawj lub voj voog ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab deworming, peb yuav tsum tau muab nws ntxiv kev paub zoo nrog lwm tus neeg, dev, tsiaj txhu thiab ib puag ncig.

Tab sis yog tias koj tau txiav txim siab txais yuav tus neeg laus Pomeranian, koj yuav tsum paub tias nws tseem muaj peev xwm ua tiav cov txheej txheem kev sib raug zoo hauv cov dev laus. Ntawm peb lub xaib, peb muab cov lus qhia zoo tshaj plaws rau koj kom sib raug zoo rau tus dev laus.

5 lub tswv yim rau tus Pomeranian thiab nws tus saib xyuas

Thaum kawg, peb xav muab qee cov lus qhia uas yuav pab koj ua tiav kev cob qhia koj Pomeranian:

  1. Kev sib koom ua ke yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev cob qhia dev. Kev cob qhia yog ib qho txheej txheem tas mus li thiab maj mam, qhov twg txhua qhov kev tawm dag zog yuav tsum tau ua kom zoo, nco thiab ua tiav rau zoo tag nrho. Koj yuav tsum muaj kev ua siab ntev thiab kev hlub ntau los qhia koj tus Pomeranian kom zoo, vim nws yuav tsum tau ua raws li cov lus txib, ib qho los ntawm ib qho. Yog tias koj xav tias koj tsis muaj sijhawm txaus, koj tuaj yeem nrhiav tus kws tshaj lij.
  2. paub thaum twg thiab qhia ntau npaum li cas. Kev cob qhia nrog koj tus dev yuav tsum luv, tab sis tsis tu ncua. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws yog faib 10 mus rau 15 feeb ntawm txhua hnub los xyaum nrog koj cov plaub hau, yog li koj tsis txhob overload nws thiab ua kom zoo sib xws. Yog xav ua ob peb zaug peb ua tau ib qho thaum sawv ntxov thiab yav tav su.
  3. Qhia seb yuav qhia li cas thiab qhov twg. Cov kev xyaum yuav tsum tau xyaum ua ib qho los ua kom lawv nkag siab zoo thiab ua tiav zoo. Txhua tus dev yuav xav tau nws lub sijhawm kom nkag siab tag nrho, cim thiab ua txhua qhov lus txib, uas kuj yuav txawv nyob ntawm qhov nyuaj ntawm kev tawm dag zog. Txhawm rau txhawb qhov kev xav ntawm koj cov plaub hau, koj yuav tsum xaiv qhov chaw tsim nyog tshaj plaws los qhia nws, zam qhov chaw nrov lossis qhov chaw uas muaj ntau yam stimuli (scents, suab, neeg, dev, thiab lwm yam.).
  4. Siv zoo txhawb zog los qhia. Kev txhawb zog zoo yog txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj los qhia thiab txhawb kev txawj ntse ntawm koj Pomeranian. Nco ntsoov tias kev nthuav tawm koj tus phooj ywg zoo tshaj rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ntxhov siab thiab / lossis kev ntshai heev, los ntawm kev rau txim rau lawv lub cev lossis lub siab lub ntsws, ua rau lawv noj qab haus huv thiab txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm ntau yam teeb meem kev coj cwj pwm, xws li kev ua phem, ntshai lossis phobias.
  5. Review kawm commands. Txhua lo lus txib yuav tsum raug tshuaj xyuas kom rov lees paub nws txoj kev kawm thiab tsis txhob hnov qab. Ua li no, tseg 1 lossis 2 hnub ntawm lub lim tiam los txhawb cov kev tawm dag zog uas twb tau ua tiav nrog koj cov plaub hau.

Pom zoo: