Muaj ntau qhov xwm txheej, cov kev tshawb fawb uas tswj xyuas qhov no siv ntau yam ntawm ib puag ncig thiab ecological yam uas pab lawv paub txog lub xeev kev noj qab haus huv thiab qhov zoo ntawm ib puag ncig, nrog rau cov kev hloov pauv uas nws dhau mus.
Ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov no yog kev siv tsiaj los yog tsob nroj (los yog pab pawg ntawm cov no), uas ua hauj lwm zoo heev lom cuab yeej rau ntsuam xyuas tag nrho ecological system. Hauv tsab xov xwm no ntawm peb lub xaib, peb yuav qhia koj txog bioindicator organisms, lawv yog dab tsi, hom twg muaj, lawv qhov tseem ceeb thiab peb yuav pom qee qhov piv txwv.
Bioindicators yog dab tsi?
Bioindicators yog cov kab mob uas muaj ib feem ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ib puag ncig uas nyob ib puag ncig lawv, thiab raws li peb tau hais, nws tuaj yeem yog hom tsiaj lossis cov nroj tsuag (los yog ib pawg ntawm hom) uas qhia txog cov kab mob abiotic lossis biotic lub xeev ntawm ib puag ncig, sawv cev rau kev cuam tshuam ntawm ib puag ncig kev hloov pauv ntawm thaj chaw nyob, zej zog lossis ecosystems, lossis qhia txog kev sib txawv ntawm lwm hom.
Txoj yam ntxwv ntawm bioindicator hom
Nws yog feem ntau txiav txim siab tias hom bioindicator yuav tsum yog:
- Sensitive rau lawv ib puag ncig.
- Abundant (xws li ib co dominant hom).
- Easy to identify.
Xaiv thiab txheeb xyuas hom kab mob bioindicator, nws cov ecology, txoj hauv kev ntawm lub neej thiab thaj chaw dav dav yuav tsum paub meej, nrog rau muaj peev xwm sib txawv ntawm cov voj voog ntuj thiab cov uas tsim los ntawm kev ntxhov siab anthropogenic.
Dab tsi yog bioindicator hom siv rau?
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv cov kab mob no los ua cov cuab yeej rau kev txuag thaj chaw ntuj muaj ob peb yam:
- es tsis txhob scan tag nrho lub xaib.
- Ceeb toom ntawm ib puag ncig kev hloov pauv: ntawm qhov tod tes, lawv tseem ceeb heev vim tias feem ntau ntawm qee hom kab mob bioindicator muab cov ntaub ntawv ntxov thiab yog li ceeb toom, hais txog kev hloov ib puag ncig.
- : Bioindicators kuj yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo los saib xyuas cov teebmeem ntawm cov tshuaj lom, feem ntau nyuaj rau kev soj ntsuam ncaj qha rau hauv cov xwm txheej..
- : Lawv kuj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev ntsuam xyuas qhov kev nplua nuj ntawm cov tsiaj nyob hauv ib qhov chaw, los ntawm kev nthuav tawm, txij li ntau qee zaum qhov no yog tsis yooj yim sua vim muaj tus lej siab uas tuaj yeem muaj nyob, xws li nyob rau hauv tropics, piv txwv li.
Txawm hais tias qhov no tuaj yeem nyuaj vim tias ib hom tsis yog ib txwm sawv cev ntawm tag nrho cov biota (tag nrho cov hom tam sim no) ntawm qhov chaw.
Type of bioindicators
Tam sim no muaj ntau yam kev faib tawm ntawm cov kab mob bioindicator. Qee tus kws sau ntawv hais txog peb hom bioindicators:
Air bioindicators
Raws li lawv lub npe qhia, lawv yog hom uas peb tuaj yeem ntsuas lub xeev thiab huab cua zoo. Qee qhov piv txwv yog:
- Lichens: Cov kab mob no, uas feem ntau yuam kev rau cov nroj tsuag, yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm fungus thiab algae photosynthesizer, yog siv los ua bioindicators rau kev tshawb nrhiav cov hydrocarbons, acids thiab lwm yam tshuaj lom uas pom nyob rau hauv cov huab cua los ntawm tsub zuj zuj ntawm cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv lawv cov ntaub so ntswg. Cov kab mob no tau siv los ua qhov ntsuas huab cua hauv ntau qhov chaw hauv ntiaj teb.
- Bees: Lwm qhov piv txwv yog muv. Cov tsiaj no (thiab cov zib ntab lawv tsim) yog bioindicators ntawm cov pa phem hauv nroog, ua tsaug rau cov qauv ntawm lawv ob txhais ceg uas tuaj yeem khaws cov huab cua thiab yog li kuaj pom muaj cov tshuaj lom neeg xws li tshuaj tua kab, cov hlau hnyav lossis cov pa roj carbon dioxide. Cov neeg sawv cev uas muaj nyob hauv cov nroog hauv Spain.
- Gekos los yog salamanquesas: hom ntawm tsev neeg Diplodactylus rhiab heev rau huab cua paug los ntawm sulfur dioxide thiab lwm yam roj emissions los ntawm industries. Cov pa phem tsis zoo cuam tshuam rau kev nplua nuj thiab kev xeeb tub ntawm hom xws li Diplodactylus conspicillatus thiab Rhynchoedura ornata, tam sim no hauv Australia.
Dej bioindicators
Hauv dej bioindicators, peb pom:
- Kab: Plecopteran invertebrates xws li cov yoov pob zeb, yog cov rhiab heev rau cov pa oxygen tsawg hauv dej, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lawv lub xeev. dej zoo. Hemiptera hom, xws li coryxids, kuj yog qhov qhia tau zoo ntawm salinity ntawm cov dej kub, nrog rau cov khoom siv saum npoo av xws li tshuaj ntxuav tes thiab xab npum. Cov caddisflies, uas nyob hauv cov dej huv heev, nrog rau cov mayflies uas kuj siv los txiav txim qhov dej zoo.
- Amphibians: hom qav thiab salamanders yog cov cim qhia txog ib puag ncig zoo, vim lawv muaj kev nkag siab zoo rau ib puag ncig xws li dej qhuav lossis muaj kuab paug.. Vim lawv cov tawv nqaij permeable, lawv tuaj yeem khaws cov tshuaj lom xws li fungicides, av chiv thiab tshuaj tua kab, lawv tuaj yeem kuaj pom.
- Peces: muaj 5% ntawm cov ntses carnivorous xws li piranhas (tsev neeg Serrasalmidae), qhia txog kev noj qab nyob zoo hauv dej. Lwm hom tsiaj xws li ntses salmon thiab trout (Salmonidae) thiab corvinas (Sciaenidae) nyob hauv dej nrog cov pa oxygen siab, yog li lawv kuj yog bioindicators ntawm lawv qhov zoo.
Soil bioindicators
Qee qhov zoo tshaj plaws av bioindicators yog:
- Collembola: cov invertebrate invertebrate inhabitants of the av pab ntsuam xyuas cov av zoo los ntawm kev kuaj pom muaj kuab paug hydrocarbons. Nws cov nplua nuj nyob hauv cov cheeb tsam uas muaj cov khoom siv xws li pyrenes, naphthalene, chrysene, thiab lwm yam, muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo. Tib yam tau pom nrog rau lwm yam invertebrates xws li dipterans, kab laug sab, ntsaum thiab lwm yam.
- Mites: Cov no yog cov invertebrates uas nkag siab zoo rau cov xwm txheej hauv lawv ib puag ncig, yog li lawv yog cov bioindicators zoo heev ntawm av noj qab haus huv qhov chaw lawv nyob., txij li thaum lawv tuaj yeem muab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov muaj tshuaj tua kab. Cov tsiaj no muaj ntau heev nyob rau hauv cov av uas nplua nuj nyob rau hauv cov organic teeb meem, txo nyob rau hauv cov av tsis zoo thiab muaj kuab paug.
- Fungi: Cov kab mob no uas tsim ib feem ntawm cov av khaws cov xov tooj cua hauv lawv cov ntaub so ntswg (ib yam li lichens) uas cuam tshuam rau lawv ib puag ncig.. Ua ib qho khoom noj rau tib neeg, kuaj xyuas cov tshuaj lom hauv lub sijhawm yog qhov tseem ceeb, yog vim li cas ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb zoo yog los ntawm lawv txhawm rau kuaj cov kab mob no.
Piv txwv ntawm bioindicators
Ntxiv rau qhov kev faib tawm uas tau hais los saum no, ntau tus kws sau ntawv xav tias yog muab faib ua ntau hom bioindicators raws li qhov no:
- Environmental bioindicators.
- Ecological bioindicators.
- Bioindicators of biodiversity.
Cov kev faib pib yog qhov ntsuas ib puag ncig thiab ecological tau siv los txheeb xyuas cov kev hloov pauv hauv ib puag ncig, thaum cov cim qhia txog biodiversity qhia txog ntau haiv neeg ntawm lub ntiaj teb biota. Txawm li cas los xij, cov pawg no tsis yog sib koom ua ke, vim qee hom uas teb rau ib puag ncig kev hloov pauv kuj tseem cuam tshuam txog ntau haiv neeg lossis cov lus teb ntawm lwm hom. Tom ntej no, peb yuav pom qee qhov piv txwv ntawm lawv.
Carabid beetles tau siv dav thiab siv tau zoo hauv ntau hom kev ntsuas ntsuas. Feem ntau ntawm lawv tau tsom mus rau hom lus teb rau hloov ib puag ncig, piv txwv li, xws li hav zoov fragmentation. Ntxiv rau qhov no, cov kab hauv av tau siv rau hauv kev tshawb fawb hauv nroog ecology, kev faib chaw nyob, thiab kev ntsuas qhov chaw zoo.
Lwm cov kab ntawm tsev neeg tenebrionid yog av bioindicators thiab ceeb toom txog desertification, vim lawv yog hom uas lawv tau yoog rau arid ib puag ncig., yog li lawv tau siv los txiav txim txog thaj chaw uas tuaj yeem raug kev puas tsuaj ntau dua ntawm ib puag ncig.
Birds
Cov kab dej hauv dej tau siv los ua bioindicators ntawm kev kis kab mob los ntawm cov hlau hnyavxws li txhuas, cadmium thiab arsenic, nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig ntub dej. Vim cov noog no nyob thiab noj ntawm cov chaw no, lawv noj cov tshuaj no nrog rau lawv cov zaub mov.
Lwm hom noog, xws li gentoo, chinstrap thiab Adélie penguins (txiav txim Sphenisciformes) muaj cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb rau pollutant monitoring, ua ntev -cov tsiaj nyob rau saum cov khoom noj khoom haus, yog siv los txiav txim siab cov tshuaj lom thiab cov yas los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm lawv lub plab.
Cov tsiaj ntawm tsev neeg Mustelidae yog qhov qhia tau zoo ntawm state and quality of waters and lakes lawv nyob qhov twg, txij thaum lub cev no ntawm cov dej poob lawv cov as-ham zoo thiab tib txoj kev nplua nuj ntawm cov tsiaj uas otters noj, lawv tso lawv mus nrhiav lwm yam zoo sib xws. Tam sim no, nws lub xub ntiag yog qhov qhia meej txog kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov dej.
