Keeb kwm thiab evolution ntawm primates

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Keeb kwm thiab evolution ntawm primates
Keeb kwm thiab evolution ntawm primates
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Keeb kwm thiab evolution ntawm primates fetchpriority=siab
Keeb kwm thiab evolution ntawm primates fetchpriority=siab

The keeb kwm thiab evolution ntawm primates tau ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb thiab muaj ntau qhov kev xav txij li thaum pib ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Qhov kev txiav txim loj ntawm cov tsiaj nyeg, uas tib neeg muaj, yog ib qho kev hem thawj tshaj plaws los ntawm tib neeg.

Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no peb yuav kawm seb primates yog dab tsi, yam ntxwv txhais tau li cas, lawv tau hloov zuj zus mus li cas thiab yog tias tib yam los tham txog apes thiab primates. Peb piav qhia txhua yam hauv qab no!

Txoj hmoo phem

Tag nrho cov tsiaj uas muaj sia nyob ntawm primates qhia cov yam ntxwv uas txawv ntawm lwm hom tsiaj. Feem ntau cov primates uas tseem tshuav nyob hauv ntoo, yog li lawv muaj kev hloov pauv tshwj xeeb uas tso cai rau lawv coj txoj kev ua neej no. Nws ob txhais taw thiab tes yog adapted txav ntawm ceg. Cov ntiv taw loj ntawm ko taw yog sib cais ntawm tus ntiv tes tas li (nrog rau kev zam ntawm tib neeg), qhov no tso cai rau lawv tuav ruaj khov. Ob txhais tes kuj muaj kev hloov pauv, tab sis qhov no yuav nyob ntawm hom, xws li tus ntiv tes xoo uas tsis pom zoo. Lawv tsis muaj claws thiab ntsia hlau zoo li lwm yam tsiaj, lawv yog tiaj thiab blunt.

Cov ntiv tes muaj tactile pads nrog dermatoglyphs (ntiv tes) uas tso cai rau lawv tuav tau zoo dua rau cov ceg, thiab ntawm xib teg. ob txhais tes thiab ntiv tes, muaj cov paj hlwb hu ua Meissner's corpuscles uas muab kev nkag siab zoo ntawm kev kov. Lub cev qhov nruab nrab ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus yog ze rau ob txhais ceg, uas yog cov dominant extremities thaum lub sij hawm locomotion. Ntawm qhov tod tes, pob txha pob txha ntev dua li lwm cov tsiaj.

Ib qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv primates yog lawv qhov muag. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, lawv loj heev piv rau lub cev thiab, yog hais tias peb tham txog nocturnal primates, lawv txawm loj dua, tsis zoo li lwm yam nocturnal mammals uas siv lwm yam kev xav nyob rau thaum hmo ntuj. Cov no qhov muag loj thiab loj yog vim muaj cov pob txha qab lub qhov muag, uas peb hu ua lub orbit.

Tsis tas li ntawd, optic nerves (ib qho rau txhua qhov muag) tsis hla tag nrho hauv lub hlwb, xws li tshwm sim hauv lwm hom, nyob rau hauv qhov twg cov ntaub ntawv nkag los ntawm lub qhov muag sab xis yog ua tiav nyob rau hauv sab laug hemisphere ntawm lub hlwb thiab cov ntaub ntawv nkag mus los ntawm lub qhov muag sab laug yog ua tiav nyob rau hauv sab xis ntawm lub hlwb. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias, nyob rau hauv primates, cov ntaub ntawv uas nkag los ntawm txhua lub qhov muag tuaj yeem ua tiav hauv ob sab ntawm lub hlwb, uas muab qhov zoo dua nkag siab txog ib puag ncig

Lub pob ntseg ntawm primates yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv hu ua auditory ampulla, tsim los ntawm cov pob txha tympanic thiab lub cev nqaij daim tawv, qhwv hauv nruab nrab thiab sab hauv pob ntseg. Ntawm qhov tod tes, qhov kev nkag siab ntawm olfactory zoo li tau txo qis, thiab qhov tsis hnov tsw tsis yog tus cwj pwm ntawm cov tsiaj no ntxiv lawm.

Hais txog lub hlwb, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau qhia tias nws qhov loj me tsis yog qhov kev txiav txim siab. Ntau cov primates muaj lub hlwb me dua li cov tsiaj nruab nrab. Dolphins, piv txwv li, muaj lub hlwb, piv rau lub cev, yuav luag loj npaum li cov tsiaj txhu. Dab tsi ua rau lub hlwb primate sib txawv yog ob lub qauv anatomical tshwj xeeb hauv tsiaj lub nceeg vaj, Sylvia groove and the groove of Calcarine

Lub puab tsaig thiab cov hniav ntawm primates tsis tau hloov pauv loj lossis hloov pauv. Lawv muaj 36 hniav, 8 incisors, 4 canines, 12 premolars thiab 12 molars.

Keeb kwm thiab evolution ntawm primates - yam ntxwv ntawm primates
Keeb kwm thiab evolution ntawm primates - yam ntxwv ntawm primates

Nyob thiab hom primates

Nyob rau hauv lub taxonomic kev faib tawm ntawm primates, peb pom ob suborders: cov "strepsirrhine" suborder, uas lemurs thiab lorisiformes, thiab cov suborder "haplorhines", uas suav nrog tarsiers thiab apes.

Strepsirrhines

Strepsirrhines hu ua wet-nosed primates, lawv txoj kev hnov tsw tsis tau ploj zuj zus mus thiab tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm lawv txoj kev xav. Cov pab pawg no suav nrog lemurs, cov neeg nyob hauv cov kob ntawm Madagascar. Lawv nto moo rau lawv cov suab nrov, qhov muag loj, thiab cov cwj pwm nocturnal. Muaj txog 100 hom lemur, suav nrog Lemur catta lossis ring-tailed lemur thiab bandro lossis Hapalemur alaotrensis.

Lwm pab pawg strepsirrhines yog cov lories, zoo ib yam li lemurs tab sis inhabiting lwm qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj chaw. Ntawm nws cov hom peb qhia txog cov xim liab liab (Loris tardigradus), ib hom kab mob loj heev los ntawm Sri Lanka, lossis Bengal qeeb loris (Nycticebus bengalensis).

Haplorhines

Haplorhines yog ib leeg-nosed primates, lawv tau poob ib co olfactory muaj peev xwm. Ib pab pawg tseem ceeb yog cov tarsiers Cov primates no nyob hauv Indonesia thiab raug suav hais tias yog tsiaj diabolical vim lawv qhov tsos. Lawv yog cov nocturnal, muaj qhov muag loj heev, ntiv tes ntev thiab lub cev me. Ob pawg streptosyrrhine thiab tarsiers yog suav tias yog prosimians.

Pab pawg thib ob ntawm haplorhines yog apes, thiab feem ntau muab faib ua New World liab, Old World liab, thiab Homonoids.

  • New World Monkeys: Tag nrho cov primates no nyob hauv Central thiab South America. Lawv lub ntsiab yam ntxwv yog hais tias lawv muaj ib tug prehensile tus Tsov tus tw. Ntawm cov liab no peb pom cov liab liab (genus Alouatta), hmo liab (genus Aotus) thiab kab laug sab liab (genus Ateles).
  • Old World Monkeys: Cov primates no nyob hauv teb chaws Africa thiab Asia. Lawv yog cov liab uas tsis muaj tus Tsov tus tw prehensile, tseem hu ua catarrhines vim lawv qhov ntswg qis, thiab lawv kuj muaj calluses ntawm lawv lub pob tw. Cov pab pawg no yog tsim los ntawm baboons (genus Theropithecus), macaques (genus Macaca), cercopithecus (genus Cercopithecus) thiab colobus (genus Colobus).
  • Homonoids: lawv yog cov primates tailless, kuj catarrhines. Tib neeg nyob rau pawg no uas lawv koom nrog gorillas (genus Gorilla), chimpanzees (genus Pan), bonobos (genus Pan) thiab orangutans (genus Pongo).

Evolution of Primates

Cov pob txha muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog cov primates niaj hnub los yog euprimates hnub los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm Eocene (kwv yees li 55 lab xyoo dhau los). Thaum pib ntawm Miocene (25 lab xyoo dhau los), hom zoo ib yam li tam sim no pib tshwm. Muaj ib pab pawg nyob rau hauv cov primates, hu ua plesiadapiformes los yog archaic primates, los ntawm Paleocene (65-55 lab xyoo) uas qhia tej yam ntxwv ntawm cov primates, tab sis tam sim no nws yog xam tau tias cov tsiaj no diverged ua ntej lub tsos ntawm primates thiab, tom qab ntawd., lawv tau ploj mus lawm, ces lawv yuav tsis cuam tshuam nrog lawv.

Raws li cov pob txha pom, thawj lub npe hu ua euprimates tau yoog rau lub neej arboreal thiab muaj ntau yam tseem ceeb uas paub qhov txawv ntawm pawg no., xws li pob txha taub hau, cov hniav thiab pob txha pob txha. Cov pob txha no tau pom hauv North America, Europe, thiab Asia.

Thawj pob txha los ntawm nruab nrab Eocene tau pom nyob rau hauv Suav teb thiab sib raug rau cov txheeb ze tshaj plaws ntawm apes (Eosimians), tam sim no ploj mus. Fossil specimens belongs rau tsev neeg uas ploj lawm Adapidae thiab Omomyidae tom qab raug txheeb xyuas hauv Egypt.

Cov ntaub ntawv fossil sau tag nrho cov pab pawg primates uas twb muaj lawm, tshwj tsis yog Malagasy lemur, uas tsis muaj pob txha ntawm nws cov poj koob yawm txwv. Ntawm qhov tod tes, muaj cov pob txha ntawm nws cov viv ncaus pab pawg, lorisiformes. Cov seem no tau pom nyob rau hauv Kenya thiab muaj txog 20 lab xyoo, txawm hais tias kev tshawb pom tshiab qhia tias lawv twb muaj 40 lab xyoo dhau los. Yog li ntawd, peb paub tias lemurs thiab lorisiforms diverged ntau tshaj 40 lab xyoo dhau los thiab tsim cov suborders primates hu ua strepsirrhines.

Lwm suborders ntawm primates, lub haplorhines, tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj nyob rau hauv nruab nrab Eocene, nrog cov infraorder tarsiers. Lwm qhov infraorder, apes, tshwm sim 30 lab xyoo dhau los, hauv Oligocene.

LUB NOJ QAB

NEEJ NIAM, tshwm sim 7 lab xyoo dhau los, hauv Africa. Cov tsos ntawm bipedalism tseem tsis meej. Muaj cov pob txha Kenyan uas tsuas yog ob peb cov pob txha ntev nyob uas yuav qhia qee lub peev xwm rau bipedal locomotion Cov pob txha loj tshaj plaws ntawm bipedalism yog los ntawm 3.4 lab xyoo dhau los., ua ntej cov pob txha nto moo ntawm Lucy (Australopithecus afarensis).

Pom zoo: